Importance of Community Development in the Middle East Important to the U.S. Essay Example for Free

Importance of Community Development in the center einsteinium Important to the U.S. EssayThe centre of attention eastside is the vicinity which extends from southwestern Asia to northeastern Africa, though its boundaries argon not very specific. It is the historic origin of some major religions that we get to today. These include Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Yezidi, Bahai faith among early(a)s. The Middle East came to be recognized as a single region after the First World War, during which the Ottoman Empire was divided into countries that currently comprise the Middle East. In 1948, Israel was established and joined the group of countries that make up the Middle East.The countries that are in the Middle East include Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Yemen, Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and united Arab Emirates among others (Eur, 2002). The Middle East is however a region that has always been a centre of world affairs both on a positive and a negative note. on tha t point have been various ups and downs in the history of the Middle East some of which recur to date. Some of these events have brought about an international outcry and in conclusion caused the affair forth of immediate reforms in some of the countries that comprise the Middle East.Some of the reforms brought to the attention of these countries are issues pertaining community teaching, which is vital for the yield of these countries. Community increment in this region is aimed at mitigating the wrangles and wars that have been there in this region and make its occupants concentrate on issues that would be beneficial to their lives. Community development is the enhancement or the nurturing of some specific values within the society that bring about some positive change in the way that people in this limited society live and co-ordinate their lives.Community development is very important in any community because any improvement within any presumption society and in the first place comes about as a result of cooperation between the members of these societies. It is through community development that acquirement, exploitation, and equal distribution of resources is accomplished. It is what enables a society to go forward and have all the amenities that are necessary for life (Bayat, 2002). The international community has been on the forefront advocating for community development in the region. This would hold back to it that the region develops scotch coadjutor and that its ties with other nations improve.The countries located in the Middle East dominate the worlds list of major oil producers. Most of the economies of these countries are highly driven by oil. The worlds economy is to some extent controlled by the prices of oil and this means that the Middle East bears a egest in whichever way that the oil prices sway. A reduction in oil production or an increment in the prices of oil per barrel would be a major blow to the economies of the world spec ially those of countries that do not produce oil or do not produce oil that can take for their enormous populations.As a result of this, many of the worlds powers have always tried to have an edge over the countries in the Middle East in order to curb this (Wright, 1999). The United States of America is one of the countries that has always wanted there to be some stability and community development in the Middle East though most of these nations are op pose to its views. Many are even reluctant to cooperate because the United States is not mainly an Islamic press out. The Middle East has always been marred by some wars and other cold wars.The United States itself was behind the 2003 Iraq invasion that saw to the total divine service of the Iraqi government. Many local and international communities have always pointed fingers at the United States for such a miscalculation and therefore rapid community development in this region would help quench the guilt that the United States fe els for doing this. Little else can be done other than trigger community development that would seem Iraq have its frugal prosperity back. This way, the United States can restore its sanctity too.The United States of Americas administration has therefore embarked on a object to bring forth community development in Iraq. This is done through the providence of funds to kick off this process. Terrorism has been one of the menaces that have posed one of the greatest risks to the United States of America and its citizens. The United States government has been doing all within its means in order to eradicate terrorism and bring to sacred scripture those involved. Terrorism has long been perceived as being endorsed and triggered by some Islamic extremists believed to be trained in some secret places within the Middle East.Therefore, if the United States figures that if it is able to bring forth some community development in the Middle East, they can be able to control or eventually era dicate terrorism. Some of the most wanted terrorists are believed to be harbored in the Middle East and some are even believed to be under the tribute of some Middle East governments. The United States has even offered to train the Afghanistan police and military in order to control the levels of terrorism and fight drug cartels. Afghanistan is believed to be one of the worlds top producers of cocaine.The advent of nuclear weapons poses a major threat to the worlds population if these weapons are not handled with care. Countries ought to win approval from the United Nations before they embark on developing nuclear weapons and war-heads or any similar venture, failure to which some severe measures can be interpreted. Iran has some nuclear power stations which are operational though the United States and other powerful countries believe that Iran is developing nuclear weapons. The United States has taken a firm stand against this and has sought some diplomatic positions with regard to this issue.Significant community development across the Middle East would see to it that such problems are dealt with easily which would actually be an advantage to the United States on its take on global peace. The Israeli-Palestinian war has been raging for several decades. Israel is located amidst countries which are its sworn enemies. Many of the contentious issues between Israel and its neighbors have eventually resulted in wars that have left many dead and injured. The United States is Israels sworn ally and therefore a blow to Israel means a major blow to the United States though indirectly.As a result of this, the United States has always acted in the favor of Israel. The idea of community development would eventually lead to unity in the region and thus remove the burden of sporadic wars from Israel and promote economic growth in the region. There are various leftist terrorist groups that have been formed in opposition of Israel. These include Hamas and Hezbollah and the return of peace to the region would see to it that these groups cease to exist as they are a threat to peace in the region.This would further improve the United States war against terrorism (Thomas, 1998). Finally, the United States of America envisions economic allies from the Middle East, which hosts some of the fastest growing economies in the world. An alliance between the United States and the Middle East would see to the growth of the economic interests of both parties. Economic enhancement means more power and this is exactly this would translate to the United States. Economic empowerment is of paramount importance especially in this period when the world is experiencing a financial recession.Economic empowerment would therefore be a major boost to the United States and any other interested parties. The Middle East is one of the regions that the business interests of Americans are not appreciated and therefore mending this would change the equation. Countries such as the Uni ted Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Jordan have incorporated tourism into their economies and this is bound to improve their relationship with other countries. Egypt has been one of the key factors that have made peace-brokerage possible in the Middle East.Egypt is an Islamic state that is not hard lined towards general hatred towards the west. This gives it an edge towards dealing with the Middle East crises and dangerous wars. It is through Egypt that some international communities have piano their concerns. It is through Egypt that some wars have been stopped through cease-fires such as the recent Israeli-Palestinian war that was showcased along the Gaza strip. Egypt itself is strategically placed and is allied to many of the nations in the Middle East. They are therefore bound to listen to Egypt when it comes to negotiating a particular situation.As a result of this, many of the western countries ally themselves to Egypt in a bid to broker peace in the Middle East. Egypt therefore p lays a very vital role when it comes to dealing with the nations of the Middle East because of its neutrality and resemblance to these nations despite being an Islamic state. It is a peaceful sovereign state that is deemed reliable by many western countries when it comes to dealing with the Middle East. As a result, community development is vital as a solution to the problems that currently affect the Middle East nations.The Middle East is in a slackness of woes at the moment and a solution that would bring about peace and stability in the region would all the same transform this region into an economic powerhouse which would be a big boost to the global financial market altogether. Community development, to say the least, is one of the keys to peace and stability in this region. References Bayat, A. , (2002), Activism And accessible Development In The Middle East, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Issue 3411-28, Cambridge University Press, Retrieved on 29th April 30, 2009 from http//journals.cambridge. org/action/displayAbstract? fromPage=onlineaid=105825 Eur, (2002), The Middle East and North Africa 2003, Europa Publications Staff, ISBN 1857431324, 9781857431322, Published by Routledge, Wright J. W. , (1999), The Political Economy of Middle East Peace The Impact of Competing Trade Agendas, ISBN 0415183952, 9780415183956, Published by Routledge Thomas R. M. , (1998), Conducting educational explore a comparative view, ISBN 0897896092, 9780897896092, Published by Greenwood Publishing Group

Taste - Guangdong Essay Example for Free

Taste Guangdong EssayAll over the world all elaboration has a unique and special cuisine. Each cuisine is actually different because it can range from the different tastes to the different methods of cooking the food. However Chinese cuisine and American cuisine stand out the virtually because they argon completely different and value different things. Chinese cuisine is a very versatile type of cuisine because there are some names of Chinese food that make up the Chinese cuisine. These styles of Chinese food originate from the many provinces in china. Like the Chinese cuisine, American cuisine is also very diverse, but most of the cuisine is a combination of many different destinations food styles because America was the melting pot for many ethnic backgrounds. Therefore American cuisine is made up of many other cultures cuisine. Because of these varieties, both these cuisines are able to attract a great group of people which makes them favorites of many people all over the world. In China many of the people love eating different styles of food because they offer so many different tastes.There are a total of 8 styles of culinary arts a few are Cantonese, Szechuan, Hunan, and Zhejiang. Cantonese style comes from the Southeast Coast next to Hong Kong and the cuisine is the most popular of all because the chefs value the nosegay of their dishes. Cantonese cuisine is so popular because when Chinese immigrants came to America they introduced it to the western world. Another popular style of cuisine is Szechuan and it attracts many people with a love for high food.This style originated from the middle part of China, and values the use of spicy sauces and spicy pastes to create dishes that give the peoples taste buds a sensation. The next style is Hunan which originated from the East part of China, and is most known for its spicy food too. This style is very similar to the Szechuan style, but the chefs tend to use fresh and dried peppers quite a than sauces. Also Hunan dishes appear to be more attractive than Szechuan style because most of the dishes are not covered in sauce and paste like the Szechuan style. boilers suit both of these spicy styles are equally as delicious.One last style is the Zhejiang style which comes from the East Coast of China, and known for its freshness, tenderness, softness, and crispness dishes. Because this style originated from the coast, most of the food is seafood. There are many traditions to Chinese cuisine. All the dishes are served separately either on a plate or in a bowl. Never is ones food served all on one plate. Then there is an empty plate for you to put your food. Another tradition is that it is exalted to eat more of the dishes than rice because rice is a complimentary item during each eating course.The main utensil for eating Chinese cuisine are chopsticks, and it has many uses ranging from grabbing food to drinking soup. All in all, Chinese cuisine is very unique and something worth trying. Because America was the melting pot, American cuisine includes Latin, Asian, and European tastes. Latin styles of cooking introduced the use of beans and flour. With flour, the American cuisine produces a lot of breads and wraps. Asian cooking introduced the sweet and sour taste and rice became one of the major sources for Americans to get their daily need of whole grains.Also, Asian cuisine introduced soy and the many uses of fish. Lastly European styles of cooking introduced delicacy of luxurious pastas and desserts. Like Chinese cuisine, there are also many traditions. American cuisine is usually served on a plate with all the dishes. The utensils used are mainly a spoon, knife, and a fork to pick up and cut the food. In conclusion, American cuisine is diverse because of America being a melting pot for many cultures to combine and form this type of cuisine.

The Concept of Probability in Mathematics

The Concept of Probability in MathematicsProbability is a focusing of expressing knowlight-emitting diodege or belief that an f takeure will give or has overstepred. The concept has been given an arrogate mathematical nub in opportunity supposition, which is used extensively in such aras of train as maths, statistics, pay, gambling, science, and philosophy to draw conclusions closely the likelihood of potential outlets and the underlying mechanics of complex systems.The word luck does non piddle a concordant direct definition. In fact, there argon 2 broad categories of hazard interpretations, whose adherents possess different involves about the fundamental nature of chance.The word Probability derives from Latin word probabilitas that can to a fault mean probity, a measure of the authority of a witness in a legal case in Europe, and oft propagation correlated with the witnesss nobility. In a sense, this differs much from the modern meaning of hazard, which, in contrast, is used as a measure of the weight of empirical evidence, and is arrived at from inductive reasoning and statistical inference.HistoryThe scientific study of opportunity is a modern development. Gambling shows that there has been an interest in quantifying the ideas of hazard for millennia, fluent exact mathematical descriptions of use in those problems provided arose much later.According to Richard Jeffrey, Before the middle of the seventeenth century, the term in all probability meant approvable, and was applied in that sense, univocally, to opinion and to action. A probable action or opinion was one such as sensible people would undertake or hold, in the circumstances.4 However, in legal contexts especially, probable could also apply to propositions for which there was good evidence.Aside from some elementary considerations made by Girolamo Cardano in the 16th century, the doctrine of probabilities dates to the correspondence of Pierre de Fermat and Blaise pop (1654). Christiaan Huygens (1657) gave the earliest known scientific treatment of the subject. Jakob Bernoullis and Abraham de Moivres Doctrine of Chances (1718) treated the subject as a branch of mathematics. See Ian Hackings The Emergence of Probability and James Franklins The intuition of Conjecture for histories of the early development of the truly concept of mathematical probability.The theory of errors may be traced back to Roger Cotes but a memoir prepargond by Thomas Simpson in 1755 (printed 1756) number one applied the theory to the discussion of errors of observation. The reprint (1757) of this memoir lays down the axioms that positive and negative errors argon equally probable, and that there atomic number 18 certain assignable limits within which all errors may be supposed to fall continuous errors argon discussed and a probability curve is given.Pierre-Simon Laplace (1774) made the first attempt to deduce a rule for the combination of observations from the princi ples of the theory of probabilities. He delineate the law of probability of errors by a curve y = (x), x universe any error and y its probability.He also gave (1781) a formula for the law of facility of error (a term due to Lagrange, 1774), but one which led to unmanageable equations. Daniel Bernoulli (1778) introduced the principle of the maximum product of the probabilities of a system of concurrent errors.The method of least squares is due to Adrien-Marie Legendre (1805), who introduced it in his New Methods for Determining the Orbits of Comets. In ignorance of Legendres contribution, an Irish-American writer, Robert Adrain, editor of The Analyst (1808), first deduced the law of facility of error,h being a incessant depending on precision of observation, and c a scale factor ensuring that the orbital cavity under the curve equals 1. He gave two proofs, the second being basically the same as John Herschels (1850). Gauss gave the first proof which seems to stomach been know n in Europe (the third after Adrains) in 1809. Further proofs were given by Laplace (1810, 1812), Gauss (1823), James Ivory (1825, 1826), Hagen (1837), Friedrich Bessel (1838), W. F. Donkin (1844, 1856), and Morgan Crofton (1870). other contributors were Ellis (1844), De Morgan (1864), Glaisher (1872), and Giovanni Schiaparelli (1875). Peterss (1856) formula for r, the probable error of a whiz observation, is well known.In the nineteenth century authors on the general theory included Laplace, Sylvestre Lacroix (1816), Littrow (1833), Adolphe Quetelet (1853), Richard Dedekind (1860), Helmert (1872), Hermann Laurent (1873), Liagre, Didion, and Karl Pearson. Augustus De Morgan and George Boole improved the exposition of the theory.Andrey Markov introduced the notion of Markov chains (1906) playing an important piece in theory of stochastic processes and its applications.The modern theory of probability based on the measure theory was developed by Andrey Kolmogorov (1931).On the geom etric side, contributors to The educational Times were influential.Types of probability in that respect are basically four types of probabilities, from each one with its limitations. None of these approaches to probability is wrong, but some are more useful or more general than otherwises.Classical ProbabilityThe physical bodyical interpretation owes its name to its early and august pedigree. Championed by Laplace, and found even in the works of Pascal, Bernoulli, Huygens, and Leibniz, it assigns probabilities in the absence of any evidence, or in the presence of symmetrically balanced evidence.The classical theory of probability applies to equally probable events, such as the outcomes of tossing a coin or thro go ong dice such events were known as equipossible.probability = number of favourable equipossibilies / fall number of relevant equipossibilities. rational probabilityLogical theories of probability retain the classical interpretations idea that probabilities can be deter mined a priori by an examination of the space of possibilities. essential probabilityA probability derived from an individuals personal judgment about whether a specific outcome is likely to occur. Subjective probabilities contain no formal calculations and nevertheless reflect the subjects opinions and past experience.Subjective probabilities differ from person to person. Because the probability is personal, it contains a high degree of personal bias. An example of subjective probability could be asking New York Yankees fans, forrader the baseball season starts, the chances of New York upgradening the world series. While there is no absolute mathematical proof behind the answer to the example, fans might still state in actual percentage terms, such as the Yankees having a 25% chance of winning the world series.In occasional speech, we express our beliefs about likelihoods of events apply the same terminology as in probability theory. Often, this has nothing to do with any fo rmal definition of probability, rather it is an intuitive idea guided by our experience, and in some cases statistics.Some Of the Examples Of ProbabilityX says Dont buy the aguacates here about half the time, theyre rotten. X is expressing his belief about the probability of an event that an avocado will be rotten based on his personal experience.Y says I am 95% certain the capital of Spain is Barcelona. Here, the belief Y is expressing is only a probability from his point of view, because only he does not know that the capital of Spain is Madrid (from our point of view, the probability is 100%). However, we can still view this as a subjective probability because it expresses a measure of uncertainty. It is as though Y is saying in 95% of cases where I feel as sure as I do about this, I turn out to be right.Z says There is a lower chance of being shot in Omaha than in Detroit. Z is expressing a belief based (presumably) on statistics.Dr. A says to Christina, There is a 75% chance that you will live. Dr. A is basing this off of his research.Probability can also be expressed in vague terms. For example, someone might say it will probably rain tomorrow. This is subjective, but implies that the speaker believes the probability is greater than 50%.Subjective probabilities have been extensively studied, especially with regards to gambling and securities markets. While this type of probability is important, it is not the subject of this book.There are two standard approaches to conceptually interpreting probabilities. The first is known as the commodious take up (or the recounting frequency approach) and the subjective belief (or bureau approach). In the frequency guess of Probability, probability is the limit of the relative frequency with which an event occurs in repeated trials (note that trials must be independent).Frequentists talk about probabilities only when dealing with experiments that are random and well-defined. The probability of a random event d enotes the relative frequency of occurrence of an experiments outcome, when repeating the experiment. Frequentists consider probability to be the relative frequency in the long run of outcomes.Physical probabilities, which are also called objective or frequency probabilities, are associated with random physical systems such as roulette wheels, rolling dice and radioactive atoms. In such systems, a given type of event (such as the dice yielding a six) tends to occur at a persistent rate, or relative frequency, in a long run of trials. Physical probabilities each explain, or are invoked to explain, these stable frequencies. thereof talk about physical probability makes sense only when dealing with well defined random experiments. The two main kinds of theory of physical probability are frequentist accounts and propensity accounts.Relative frequencies are always between 0% (the event essentially never overtakes) and 100% (the event essentially always happens), so in this theory as w ell, probabilities are between 0% and 100%. According to the Frequency Theory of Probability, what it means to say that the probability that A occurs is p% is that if you repeat the experiment over and over again, independently and under essentially identical conditions, the percentage of the time that A occurs will converge to p. For example, under the Frequency Theory, to say that the chance that a coin lands heads is 50% means that if you toss the coin over and over again, independently, the ratio of the number of times the coin lands heads to the total number of tosses approaches a limiting value of 50% as the number of tosses grows. Because the ratio of heads to tosses is always between 0% and 100%, when the probability exists it must be between 0% and 100%.In the Subjective Theory of Probability, probability measures the speakers degree of belief that the event will occur, on a scale of 0% (complete disbelief that the event will happen) to 100% (certainty that the event will h appen). According to the Subjective Theory, what it means for me to say that the probability that A occurs is 2/3 is that I believe that A will happen twice as strongly as I believe that A will not happen. The Subjective Theory is particularly useful in assigning meaning to the probability of events that in principle can occur only once. For example, how might one assign meaning to a teaching like there is a 25% chance of an earthquake on the San Andreas fault with magnitude 8 or larger before 2050? It is very hard to use either the Theory of Equally Likely Outcomes or the Frequency Theory to make sense of the assertion.Bayesians, however, assign probabilities to any statement whatsoever, even when no random process is involved. Probability, for a Bayesian, is a way to represent an individuals degree of belief in a statement, given the evidence.Evidential probability, also called Bayesian probability, can be assigned to any statement whatsoever, even when no random process is invol ved, as a way to represent its subjective plausibility, or the degree to which the statement is supported by the available evidence. On most accounts, evidential probabilities are considered to be degrees of belief, defined in terms of dispositions to essay at certain odds. The four main evidential interpretations are the classical interpretation, the subjective interpretation, the epistemic or inductive interpretation, and the logical interpretation.TheoryLike other theories, the theory of probability is a representation of probabilistic concepts in formal terms-that is, in terms that can be considered separately from their meaning. These formal terms are manipulated by the rules of mathematics and logic, and any results are then interpreted or translated back into the problem domain.There have been at least two favored attempts to formalize probability, namely the Kolmogorov formulation and the Cox formulation. In Kolmogorovs formulation, sets are interpreted as events and proba bility itself as a measure on a class of sets. In Coxs theorem, probability is taken as a primitive and the emphasis is on constructing a consistent assignment of probability values to propositions. In twain cases, the laws of probability are the same, except for technical details.There are other methods for quantifying uncertainty, such as the Dempster-Shafer theory or possibility theory, but those are essentially different and not compatible with the laws of probability as they are usually understood.Mathematical TreatmentIn mathematics, a probability of an event A is represented by a real number in the range from 0 to 1 and written as P(A), p(A) or Pr(A). An impossible event has a probability of 0, and a certain event has a probability of 1. However, the converses are not always true probability 0 events are not always impossible, nor probability 1 events certain.The opposite or complement of an event A is the event (that is, the event of A not occurring) its probability is give n by P(not A) = 1 P(A). As an example, the chance of not rolling a six on a six-sided die is 1 (chance of rolling a six) .If both the events A and B occur on a single performance of an experiment this is called the intersection or joint probability of A and B, denoted as . If two events, A and B are independent then the joint probability isFor example if two coins are flipped the chance of both being heads isIf either event A or event B or both events occur on a single performance of an experiment this is called the union of the events A and B denoted as . If two events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring isFor example, the chance of rolling a 1 or 2 on a six-sided die isIf the events are not mutually exclusive then qualified probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some other event B. Conditional probability is written P(AB), and is read the probability of A, given B. It is defined byIf P(B) = 0 then is undefined.Applicat ionsTwo major applications of probability theory in everyday life are in risk assessment and in trade on commodity markets. Governments typically apply probabilistic methods in environmental linguistic rule where it is called pathway analysis, often measuring well-being using methods that are stochastic in nature, and choosing projects to undertake based on statistical analyses of their probable effect on the population as a whole.A good example is the effect of the perceived probability of any widespread Middle East conflict on oil prices which have ripple effects in the economy as a whole. An assessment by a commodity trader that a warfare is more likely vs. less likely sends prices up or down, and signals other traders of that opinion. Accordingly, the probabilities are not assessed independently nor necessarily very rationally. The theory of behavioural finance emerged to describe the effect of such groupingthink on pricing, on policy, and on peace and conflict.It can reasona bly be said that the discovery of rigorous methods to assess and trust probability assessments has had a profound effect on modern society. Accordingly, it may be of some importance to most citizens to understand how odds and probability assessments are made, and how they contribute to reputations and to decisions, especially in a democracy.Another significant application of probability theory in everyday life is reliability. Many consumer products, such as automobiles and consumer electronics, utilize reliability theory in the design of the product in order to reduce the probability of failure. The probability of failure may be intimately associated with the products warranty.Probability Of Winning A LotteryEveryone knows that the probability of winning the lottery is a pretty big long shot. How long, however, you probably never really thought about. Your actual odds of winning the lottery depend on where you play, but single state lotteries usually have odds of about 18 millio n to 1 while multiple state lotteries have odds as high as 120 million to 1.If you have ever thought youd win the lottery, youre not alone. About one out of every three people in the United States think that winning the lottery is the only way to give way financially secure in their life. This is a frightening statistic when you sit down and consider what the above odds really mean.Its time to take a long hard look at the chances of you winning the lottery. While winning the lottery may be something that you want, to show you your chances well take a look at a number of remote occurrences that you probably wouldnt like to have happen to you and probably dont think will ever happen to you but are still much more likely to happen to you than winning the lottery.How about the classic odds of being struck by lightning? The actual probability of this happening varies from division to year, but as a good estimate, the National Safety Council says between 70 and 120 people a year die i n the US by lightning so lets take 100 as our base. With the US population being approximately 265 million people, that means that the chances of being killed by lightning are most 2,650,000 to 1. Not very likely. However you are still 6 to 45 times more likely to die from a lightning strike than you would be to win the lottery.Now nobody really wants to die from flesh eating bacteria, and with odds at about 1 million to 1, the chances that you will die that way are pretty slim. Then again, you are 18 to 120 times more likely to die this way than to win the lottery.What are the chances that if youre playing with a group of four that two of you will get a hole-in-one on the exact same hole? At 17 million to 1, theyre better than the chances of you winning the lottery.What about dying from a snake bite or bee sting? It probably isnt a way that you have imagined that you would leave the earth. Youre a whopping 180 to 1,200 times more likely to die from one of these incidents than win the lottery. Thats because the probability of dying from a snake bite or bee sting is about 100,000 to 1.Now I know that you are not a bad person and you dont imagine finding yourself on death row for a crime you committed anytime soon. Still, its a lot more likely that you will be legally executed than win the lottery. In fact, you are 30,000% to 200,000% more likely to die in a legal execution than to win the lottery.If none of the above has convinced you to stop playing the lottery, then Ill bring out my favorite lottery fact. If you draw 10 miles to purchase your lottery ticket, its three to twenty times more likely for you to be killed in a automobile accident along the way than to win the jackpot.Flipping Of CoinCoin flipping or coin tossing is the practice of throwing a coin in the air to choose between two alternatives, sometimes to fragmentize a dispute between two parties. It is a form of sortition which inherently has only two possible and equally likely outcomes. Exp erimental and hypothetic analysis of coin tossing has shown that the outcome is predictable.During coin flipping the coin is tossed into the air such that it rotates end-over-end several times. Either beforehand or when the coin is in the air, an interested troupe calls heads or tails, indicating which side of the coin that party is choosing. The other party is assigned the opposite side. Depending on custom, the coin may be caught, caught and inverted, or allowed to land on the ground. When the coin comes to rest, the toss is complete and the party who called or was assigned the slope-up side is declared the winner. If the outcome is unclear the toss is repeated for example the coin may, very rarely, land on edge, or fall down a drain.The coin may be any type as long as it has two distinct sides it need not be a coin as such. Human intuition about conditional probability is often very unforesightful and can give rise to some seemingly surprising observations. For example, if t he successive tosses of a coin are recorded as a string of H and T, then for any trial of tosses, it is twice as likely that the triplet TTH will occur before THT than after it. It is three times as likely that THH will precede HHT.Are we likely to be struck by lightning?In the United States, an average of 80 people are killed by lightning each year. Considering being killed by lightning to be our favorable outcome (not such a favorable outcome), the sample space contains the entire population of the United States (about 250 million).If we grow that all the people in our sample space are equally likely to be killed by lightning (so people who never go outside have the same chance of being killed by lightning as those who stand by flagpoles in large open fields during thunderstorms), the chance of being killed by lightning in the United States is equal to 80/250 million, or a probability of about .000032%.Clearly, you are much more likely to die in a car accident than by being struc k by lightning.Probability in Our LivesA basic understanding of probability makes it possible to understand everything from batting averages to the stomach report or your chances of being struck by lightning Probability is an important topic in mathematics because the probability of certain events happening or not happening can be important to us in the real world.Weather forecastingSuppose a person wants to go on a picnic this afternoon, and the weather report says that the chance of rain is 70%? Will he ever wonder where that 70% came from?Forecasts like these can be work out by the people who work for the National Weather Service when they look at all other days in their historical database that have the same weather characteristics (temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.) and determine that on 70% of similar days in the past, it rained.As weve seen, to find basic probability we divide the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes in our sample spac e. If were looking for the chance it will rain, this will be the number of days in our database that it rained divided by the total number of similar days in our database. If our meteorologist has data for 100 days with similar weather conditions (the sample space and therefore the denominator of our fraction), and on 70 of these days it rained (a favorable outcome), the probability of rain on the next similar day is 70/100 or 70%.Since a 50% probability means that an event is as likely to occur as not, 70%, which is greater than 50%, means that it is more likely to rain than not. But what is the probability that it wont rain? Remember that because the favourable outcomes represent all the possible ways that an event can occur, the sum of the various probabilities must equal 1 or 100%, so 100% 70% = 30%, and the probability that it wont rain is 30%.Bernoulli Trials On ProbabilityIt happens very often in real life that an event may have only two outcomes that matter. For example, ei ther you pass an exam or you do not pass an exam, either you get the job you applied for or you do not get the job, either your flight is delayed or it departs on time, etc. The probability theory abstraction of all such situations is a Bernoulli trial.Bernoulli trial is an experiment with only two possible outcomes that have positive probabilities p and q such that p + q = 1. The outcomes are said to be success and failure, and are commonly denoted as S and F or, say, 1 and 0.For example, when rolling a die, we may be only interested whether 1 shows up, in which case,naturally, P(S) = 1/6 and P(F) = 5/6. If, when rolling two dice, we are only interested whether the sum on two dice is 11, P(S) = 1/18, P(F) = 17/18.The Bernoulli process is a succession of independent Bernoulli trials with the same probability of success.Uses Of Probability In Our Daily LivesI think we use probability routinely in our daily lives. When you get into a car and drive on public roads, we often attain tha t we have a low probability of being hit by another car. When you pull out onto a busy street crossing 2 lanes of traffic, you judge the speed of the traffic in those lanes. You assume you have a high probability of judging that speed correctly when you cross those lanes. If you did not make that assumption, you probably would not attempt to cross the lanes for idolise of being hit by another car.We assume that we have a low probability of being hit by lightning or a meteor.When you eat with your hands, you assume your probability of getting sick from germs on your hands is low. Or you wouldnt eat with your hands. You could say the same of eating in a restaurant with informant to food you didnt prepare yourself.Within assuming many probabilities, I think wed constantly live in fear of what horrible things might happen to us.Summary of probabilitiesEventProbabilityAnot AA or BA and BA given BOther Cases Where Probability Can Be ObservedYouve seen it happen many times-a player in a dice game claims she is due for doublesstrangers discover that they have a mutual acquaintance and think that this must be morethan a chance meeting a friend plays the lottery obsessively or enters online contests with apersistent dream of winning. All these behaviors reflect how people perceive probability indaily life. People who lack an accurate sense of probability are easily drawn in by false claimsand pseudoscience, are vulnerable to get-rich-quick schemes, and exhibit many of thebehaviors mentioned above.The modeling and measurement of probabilities are fundamentals of mathematics thatcan be applied to the world around us. Every event, every measurement, every game, everyaccident, and even the nature of matter itself is understood through probabilistic models, yetfew people have a good grasp of the nature of probability.Frequentists talk about probabilities only when dealing with experiments that are random and well-defined. The probability of a random event denotes the relat ive frequency of occurrence of an experiments outcome, when repeating the experiment. Frequentists consider probability to be the relative frequency in the long run of outcomes.1Bayesians, however, assign probabilities to any statement whatsoever, even when no random process is involved. Probability, for a Bayesian, is a way to represent an individuals degree of belief in a statement, or an objective degree of rational belief, given the evidence.Relation to randomnessIn a deterministic universe, based on Newtonian concepts, there is no probability if all conditions are known. In the case of a roulette wheel, if the force of the hand and the period of that force are known, then the number on which the ball will stop would be a certainty. Of course, this also assumes knowledge of inertia and friction of the wheel, weight, smoothness and roundness of the ball, variations in hand speed during the turn and so forth. A probabilistic description can thus be more useful than Newtonian mech anics for analyzing the pattern of outcomes of repeated rolls of roulette wheel. Physicists face the same situation in kinetic theory of gases, where the system, while deterministic in principle, is so complex (with the number of molecules typically the order of magnitude of Avogadro constant 6.021023) that only statistical description of its properties is feasible.A revolutionary discovery of 20th century physics was the random character of all physical processes that occur at sub-atomic scales and are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. The wave attend to itself evolves deterministically as long as no observation is made, but, according to the prevailing Copenhagen interpretation, the randomness caused by the wave function collapsing when an observation is made, is fundamental. This means that probability theory is required to describe nature. Others never came to terms with the loss of determinism. Albert Einstein famously remarked in a letter to muck Born I am convinced that God does not play dice. Although alternative viewpoints exist, such as that of quantum de-coherence being the cause of an apparent random collapse, at present there is a firm consensus among physicists that probability theory is necessary to describe quantum phenomena.

Determinants That Cause The Demand Curve To Shift Economics Essay

Determinants That Cause The Demand Curve To Shift Economics EssayDemand means that the exitingness of a buyers to buy a goods and fit to buy a goods at a different price levels. The law states that the take up worm is a downward sloping graph which shows that there is a negative relationship between the price of a product and the amount of money of a product. When a price of a product rises, the quantity necessityed will decrease. On the other hand, when the price of a product falls, the quantity motiveed will increase.Demand is a shift either rightward or leftward in the demand curve. Demand curve will shift leftward if the consumers decide to buy less, and the demand curve will shift rightward if the consumers decide to buy more. Decrease in demand will display case the demand curve to shift leftward. There are many determinants that cause the demand curve to shift.Price of coke $Figure 5.1D0D1Quantity of coke 1 of the determinants that cause the demand curve to shift is ex pectation. For example, if the price of a coke expected will fall next month, the quantity demand will besides decrease. So, this is as shown in figure 5.1. As the demand decrease, the demand curve will definitely shift leftward from D0 to D1.Besides, the price of substitutes and complements good will cause the demand curve to shift. Complementary goods are good that are used together. For example, petrol and car. If the price of petrol rise, this will cause the quantity demand for car decrease. substitute good are good that can be replaced with another good. For example, butter and margarine. If the price of butter fall, the quantity of margarine will definitely shift leftward. Besides, the try on and income will also cause the demand curve to shift.Quantity demand is a movement upward or downward in the demand curve. The only when factor that will cause the movement is the price of the goods itself. For example, the price of an apples decrease from $2.50 to $1.90. This will ca use the demand curve to move downward (from point A to B). Besides, the quantity demand definitely will increase from 4 to 7 as it applied the law of demand. As the price of an apple decrease, the quantity demanded will increase. This is shown in Figure 5.2.Price of an apple $2.50 A1.90 B Figure 5.20 Quantity for apples4 7Part BIncome elasticity of demand means that the percentage change in quantity demanded dividing the percentage change in households income.There are 3 types of degrees of income elasticity of demand (YED). If the income elasticity of demand is greater than 0, then this elasticity is a positive YED. But this positive YED is categorized into two types. First, if the quantity demanded of a good rise a little amount of percentage compare to the income of the households, this is known as a normal good. A normal good normally does not responsive to the changes in the quantity demanded of the good. This is also known as income elastic since (0

Life and Work of Frank Gehry

Life and Work of hotdog GehryMany of Frank Gehrys early works reflect a refined manipulation of shapes and structures, whereby many of his buildings present perverse shapes or apparent structures. From the Guggenheim museum to the Walt Disney concert h completely, Frank Gehrys computer architecture is close to n superstar. He cleverly plays with shapes and geometries. In this essay, I shall start with a brief analysis of Gehrys fellowship and the influences in the design of the h commonwealth. I shall then analyze the extent to which Frank Lloyd Wright has inspired and influenced Gehry in the design of his mob through a comparison with Frank Lloyd Wrights Jacobs plate.Gehry draws his earnestness from famous scenes such as the Madonna and Child which he qualifies as a strategy for architecture (Friedman M., 2003, p. 42) and which he used as an inspiration for a bug out in Mexico. Through his interpretation of the paintings and artwork, Gehry looked for a new kind of architect ure. His search for a new type of architecture culminated in 1978 with his aver house in Santa Monica. What was once a traditional Californian house would be redesigned to become iodin of the most important and revolutionary designs of the twentieth century, bad Gehry international prestige and fame. Frank Gehrys Own House uses a mixture of corrugated metal, plywood, chain cogitate and asphalt to construct a new envelope for an existing typical Californian house. This house has been inspired by Joseph Cornell, Ed Moses and Bob Rauschenberg. Gehry comments on his house by saying that there was something magical (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) active it. He admits having followed the end of his my nose (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) when it came to constructing the new house, which led Arthur Drexler, former Director from the De break-dancement of Architecture and Design at the museum of Modern Art in new-fangled York, to actually describe the house as a joke. (Friedman M., 2003, p. 54) Through his work, Frank Gehry move be considered as an artist rather than an architect. His own house is one of the best works of art he has ever produced. In many of Gehrys early works such as the Danziger building, we learn about his worry of the deracination of ideas through the many people involved in the process of making a bulding (Friedman M., 2003, p. 44), which according to him drain the strength and power out of an idea (Friedman M., 2003, p. 44) unless in his Own House however, he proves us that his worry only makes his ideas and designs more powerful. He makes use of large adequate to(p)ings, peculiar wall veneer or large lighted rooms as well(p) as visible structure frames to reflect the postmodern style of the house as well as to convey his wish to bring architecture to its roots, to its bare beauty.What Gehry loves about architecture and what is reflected in the style of his Own House is the humanity of it (Friedman M., 2003, p. 42). The barricading of the old h ouse reminds us of artists such as Christo and Jeanne Claude with the Rheimstag wrapping while the angled protrusions and cuts through the old house shows Gordon Matta Clarks influence in the style of the Own House. Gehry says in an interview that his thirst to use metal as a primary construction material came with Donna ONeills hay barn, for which he used metal because he could now make a very tough sculptural shape (Friedman M., 2003, p. 45), making the building fit the site hence creating a sculptural identity (Friedman M., 2003, p. 45).Just like for the titanium-clad fa fruit drink of the Guggenheim museum, Gehry makes use of metal cladding for his Own House. He builds walls around the old house use corrugated sheets of metal and chain link. Gehry justifies his use of chain link by saying The chain link for me was about denial. There was so much denial about it. I couldnt believe it. (Friedman M., 2003, p. 47) He explains how modern domestic help design for him is all about c hallenging the culture, using cheap, recycled materials and transforming them into a work of art. (Friedman, 2003) The use of metal to create new shapes for buildings, such as for the California Aero lacuna Museum, Los Angeles, 1984 or the University of Toledo C premise for the Visual Arts, 1992 prove how Gehrys vision was beyond that of architects of his time. He admits that A number of artist friends demand influenced (Friedman M., 2003, p. 43) his work and that architecture is reflected in a painting the materials used, the texture applied or the theme of the painting simply he also expresses a swell admiration for the works of his modern predecessors such as Frank Lloyd Wright or Le Corbusier.As mentioned before, Gehry was inspired by many modern architects, namely Frank Lloyd Wright. Gehry is referred to as a postmodern architect, applying modernism of the 20th century to his buildings all while challenging the conventions of that time. Frank Lloyd Wright is certainly a pion eer of modernism. To him we owe the idea of organic architecture, buildings on L, X, or T make grounds. Wright once said To thus make of a human dwelling-place a complete work of artthis is the tall modern American opportunity in Architecture. (Humphries, 1970, p. 25) We notice how his vision of architecture resembles that of Gehry, with the reference to art. Nevertheless, the planning of Wrights houses with his idea of form following function contrasts with Gehrys idea of free plan. Still, the idea of using cheap materials for the Gehry house is a dj vu of Wrights wish to cure this defect with houses that were simpler and more economical to build, that combined living and eat areas into one and separated them from a sleeping accommodation zone, and that finally turned the blocky walls into windows on nature (Maddex, 2000, p. 80) basically, Wrights Usonian project. Wright wanted to build small, single storey, flat-roofed affordable houses which would make the tend as a main part of the house and create a new type of dwelling and lifestyle for the Americans. He wanted to make housing more affordable and energy efficient. The Usonian project is a development that started with Wrights transformation of the symmetrical, cruciform and pinwheel Prairie House plan into the courtyard plan. (Carter, 2001, p. 250)Hence, Wright aphorism the Usonian Houses as asymmetrical quadrants of the bigger symmetrical Prairie Houses. (Carter, 2001, p. 249)Perhaps one of the most famous Usonian houses by Wright is the Jacobs house, presenting an L shape plan as well as the idea of pleasant geometry, hence the very rectangular and nonindulgent edges of the house. Wrights plans of the first Jacobs house reveal adequately his vision of the Usonian houses. Hence, from his plans, we see how the garden is the geometric centre of the plan and the focus of the spatial arrangement. The idea behind the layout of the spaces in Gehrys house reflects that of Wright in Jacobs house. Hence, in the Jacobs house, the two wings of the house are well planned so as to differentiate between the in the public eye(predicate) and mysterious areas of the house. There are two intrigues into the house one leading to the private quarters, the bedrooms, and the other one to the living room and dining area on which the kitchen opens. The dining area is used as a transition between the private and public areas of the Jacobs house. To further differentiate between the nature of the different spaces, Wright uses brick wall cladding within the living room and the entrance to indicate the public nature of these spaces. We can also ask ourselves whether Wright has not influenced Gehry in the addition of the many windows and openings in his Own house. Wrights idea of architectural purism and organic architecture preach a relationship between agriculture and architecture The American landscape was for Wright unique and in need of integration into American daily domestic life (Carter, 2001) We note how Wright makes the garden the most important space in the house. When we look at the Jacobs house from the street, the view is not inspiring we do not feel the warmth of the house. The street view offers a dull empty front yard with no indication of how to enter the house except from the carport. If we compare this to the garden view, we immediately feel as if we are in the house. The garden view provides floor to jacket crown windows, Jacobs house street view p.254 (Carter, 2001)which enable us to see the on goings of the inhabitants inside the house. Similarly, the house becomes a mere object in the landscape. We instantly find that Wright wants to pull our focus towards the most important member of the house, the garden. We observe how by adding new walls to the existing building, Gehry incorporates the surroundings into the house, creating a new space to contain the public/service areas of the house.Other than the relationship between the house and its surroundings, Gehry has also applied Wrights Beaux arts planning with the idea of the raised floor level as well as the hierarchy of the spaces. Hence, in the Jacobs house, Wright has created a certain hierarchy of spaces with a geometric module governing horizontal and vertical spaces (Maddex, 2000, p. 82). A large open area is dedicated to the living room and the kitchen. As we enter the Jacobs house, we are oriented towards the garden by the glass doors. Similarly, the dining room is projected (Carter, 2001, p. 254) into the garden by horizontal wood walls with high windows which allow people standing in the kitchen to see into the garden. The public areas are all oriented towards the garden, creating an open space as we walk into the house. The master bedroom is clearly set apart by the bending corridor which leads to the private areas of the house. In Gehrys Own house, he uses the same principle, with the entrance leading directly onto the living area which is raised above ground level. The public areas namely the kitchen, dining room and living room are all placed on the right while the bedrooms are on the left, well secluded by walls. We highlight how the dining room and the kitchen are both located on the lower level, again creating this idea of hierarchy planning of spaces. We also point out Frank Lloyd Wrights idea of interlocking forms and symmetry that is reflected in Gehry house design. The Jacobs house presents itself in an L shape, which if we think of it, is barely the interlocking of two rectangles at 90. All the spaces in the Jacobs house are also affiliated at right angles. This same scheme of interlocking forms is clearly visible in the Gehry house with the notable glass cube that hangs on top of the kitchen playing as a strong source of natural light which again puts a lot of emphasis on Wrights notion of organic Gehrys Own house, kitchen view,design, using the maximum amount of natural resources from the surroundings for use in the house.As mentione d above, Gehry states that his choice of materials only results from their workability (for metal) or their personal significance (for chain link) but we can question that and ask ourselves how far was the choice of materials for his own house influenced by Frank Lloyd Wrights idea that from standardized materials, economy (Maddex, 2000, p. 82). Wright once said The sense of intimate space as a reality in organic architecture co-ordinates with the enlarged means of modern materials (Humphries, 1970, p. 124). For Wright, the materials used had a association to earth. In the Jacobs house, Wright make use of a lot of wood and glass to create a comfy and warm atmosphere as well as a connection with the surroundings. He used modern materials which he believed could evoke the idea of empathy through his buildings. The low proportions of the Jacobs house oriented the house horizontally rather than vertically and Wright saw the horizontal line as the true earth line of human life, indicat ive of freedom. (Carter, 2001, p. 255). To him, the horizontal planes of the house helped convey the idea of empathy. Hence the planes agree to the earth in buildings identify themselves with the ground, do most to make the buildings belong to the ground and represent the true beation for life within the house. (Carter, 2001, p. 255)Wrights notion of modernism has with no doubt pushed Gehry towards creating a new kind of architecture. When we compare how both architects interpret modern architecture, we understand fairly easily how much of an influence Frank Lloyd Wright has had on Gehry. Wright said In organic architecture the hard straight line breaks to the dotted line where stark necessity ends and thus allows appropriate rhythm to enter in order to leave suggestion its proper values. This is modern. (Humphries, 1970, p. 125) When we read this quote, we find that it fairly relates to Gehrys idea of deconstructivism in his own house, whereby there is a fragmentation in the desi gn of the house. Frank Gehry has a different approach to modern domestic design. Wright wanted modern human dwellings to have earth as a great human good and make the garden be the building as much as the building will be the garden Both Wright and Gehry have been influenced by the Japanese culture. The construction of the Jacobs house is said to be related to the traditional Japanese house and the four primal elements that Gottfried Semper identified in 1852 earthwork, hearth, mannikin and roof and a screen-like infill wall. Wright combined the first two elements (earthwork and hearth) by passing pipes into the concrete flooring that would carry steam or hot water so that the floor would become a source of heat. The heating of the Jacobs house coincided with Wrights wish to use natural lighting hence the south facing glass doors provided the house with heat during winter. This made the Usonian houses extremely energy efficient long before this was an issue for other architects (C arter, 2001, p. 255)Having compared Wrights Jacobs house to Gehrys own house, we can justly say that Gehry was influenced by art. So much that we can refer to him as an artist rather than an architect. His interest in paintings and sculptures has given him the opportunity to design buildings that would change the course of architecture for the future years to come. Gehry has also applied some of Frank Lloyd Wrights principles to his designs. The extent to which this influence can be measured is unsure but a parallel comparison between the Jacobs house and Gehrys own house has allowed us to conclude that Wrights principals of Beaux arts planning, interlocking forms, organic architecture and symmetry can be found in Gehrys own house. Frank Gehry has taken the principles of modern architecture from his predecessors and applied it to his designs with his own twist of magic. He uses Wrights concepts and ideas to create new design conventions for himself. Through his designs, Gehry wishes to argufy the ordinary. He is said to have founded the new wave of Californian architects. Frank Lloyd Wright, on the other hand is considered as one of the founders of modern architecture but what is certain is that they have both had a tremendous influence on the world of architecture today.

Copyright in Taiwan :: Taiwan Copyright Essays

Copyright in mainland ChinaIntroduction The economic structure of Taiwan has been undergoing rapid changes in the recent thirty years. Taiwan has moved offshore from a labor-intensive industrialized country to an export-oriented economy. With the concentration of capital and technology, and the rapid diversification of hi-tech professional services, the structure of Taiwan industries has as well as changed greatly since late 1970s. The total annual production value accounted for by technology intensive industries has increased from 60 percent in mid eighties to 75 percent in mid 1990s. These figures are a clear indication of successful liberation and internationalization of Taiwan economy as a whole.With the advanced technology and mass production of the computer computer hardware and software, new problems created for society by computer arose. In addition, as the cost of computer hardware declined, the importance of software increased software is where the action and the money are these days. The total world market for software is now approaching $100 one jillion million million a year. Partly as a result, copying computer programs, often referred as software piracy, has become a major crop industry.At the marrow squash of the global copyright problem, Taiwan is one of the king of software piracy in Asia. The Business Software Association estimates that U.S. software companies lose over $800 million a year because of Taiwan software piracy. The newest threat to the software and multimedia industries in Taiwan is the use of computers and the internet to illegally digitize and copy information, including software, music, and movies. With the growth of Internet users populations, it has created a market for pirated products by making illegal copies of the latest software programs, music, and movies available to anyone with a computer, anywhere in the world, at the click of a mouse. Other ways to trade copyright material, such as peer to peer sharing, have a lso challenged copyright law.Adequate Intellectual Property expert (IPR) protection is a vital element in the development of high technology, high value-added production, and the professional services. The government of Taiwan is fully aware of this fact. They understand that they essential make revisions to its current copyright laws in order to strengthen the degree to which IPR is protected in Taiwan. Over the years, Taiwan government has made progress, the Patent integrity has undergone two revisions, the Trademark Law three revisions, and the Copyright Law five revisions. As for enforcement, apart from increasing the penalties for infringement of rights and increasing the power of Customs officials to jaw suspected counterfeit shipments, the MOEA has also created the Anti-Counterfeiting Committee with responsibility for processing charges of piracy.

Essay examples --

I am a person who has always had a profound passion and fascination for areas requiring an analytical approach. compensate from early days at school, Mathematics has intrigued me. The most challenging of all problems were my favorites and obtaining solutions to them would leave me with a sheer feeling of ecstasy. I always did and always would din on solving the most challenging problems. With a compelling desire to excel, hard work became my second nature. My aspiration for a technical career prompted me to postulate up one of the most coveted under grade program in ready reckoner Engineering at SR Engineering College, the best of such institutions. My throw systematic & methodical towards finding a solution to any problem best suits this field.On joining the college, I concentrated on acquiring familiarity not only through the classroom teaching materials, but besides through the volumes of Computer related materials. In the process I have acquired in-depth cognition in the f ields of Database Management Systems, Data Mining and Data Warehousing, Software Engineering especially in the concepts related to process organization and responsibilities. I was also fascinated by the growth of electronic networking and Communication Technology and developed keen interest in the subjects such as Computer Networks, Data Communications and Network Protocols. The Operating systems lab and Computer Networks lab unleashed a relentless desire in me to excel at its usage and find innovative applications.My undergraduate education at the Computer Science of my University has given me a very substantial knowledge of the basic areas of Computer Science. Any amount of learning in Computer Science would be incomplete without hands on experience of Programming. In a world where... ...ts in the same direction. After extensively studying the way work, faculty profiles and lab facilities, I have observed that theis highly suitable for realizing my goals. The positive spirit o f the university, the positive feedback from students and the level of expertise of the faculty in the reckoner science department are amongst the most compelling factors which have led me to choose.I am aware of the hard work and perseverance demand for research work and I know that it is not always as exciting as the published results seem to indicate. Nevertheless, I am sure that my skill and drive will see me through the challenge. It is with this in mind, that I look forward to a long and rewarding relationship with your university as a graduate student, I take this opportunity to thank the University faculty for their patient perusal of my application.