Friday, May 31, 2019

evilmac Free Macbeth Essay - From Good to Evil in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE Coursework Macbeth Essays

From Good to Evil in Macbeth   A person could run a dramatic change of character when they go from a heart of good to a heart of evil. Macbeth is motivated to kill Duncan by Lady Macbeth, provided Macbeth is then motivated by fate, and finally motivated by impulse to carry out his next succession of crimes. Macbeth had a hand, or was involved in 3 murders in the story. The first murder was of queen mole rat Duncan at the beginning of the story with the aid and instructions of Lady Macbeth. The second murder was of Macbeths ruff friend Banquo, which Macbeth used the service of three murders to accomplish. It was fate for Macbeth to eliminate Banquo because Banquo was to be the father of kings while Macbeth would not. Finally, the third murder was of Macduffs wife and children. One liquidator does the job this time and Macbeth decides from this murder on to act on impulse and not think or feel remorse for any action he does from there on. All these murders indicate that Macbeth doesnt know how to make things right after he has done something wrong, so he does the only thing he thinks is right, and that is to be more violent with each act he commits. When Macbeth is first introduced, the first impression that we have of him is that he was an incredible and worthy fighter and the King speaks very highly of him. An example of this is O valiant cousin, worthy gentleman The phrase shows that Duncan is very proud of Macbeth, his soldier, and his cousin. In the witches prophecies, Macbeth was told he would be Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and then at long last become King. He was already Thane of Glamis and he becomes Thane of Cawdor shortly after the execution of the previous Thane, but one prophecy sticks in his mind. He is to become King. Macbeth had the thoughts of congruous King but there was no way he would ever think of murdering his King. He had neither the heart nor determination to do such a violent act. He expresses his discomfort with thi s in a soliloquy. That tears shall down the wind. I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only overleap ambition, which oerleaps itself, and falls on the other. Macbeth mentions he has no motive to do the deed.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Aristotle :: essays research papers

Aristotelian Ethics & Distributive JusticeConcern with genuine equality as the central form of distributive justice is a very modern-day idea. Distributive justice for Aristotle and many other writers for millennia after him was a matter of distributing what each ought to get from merit or desert in some sense. The idea of equality was arguably anathema to Aristotle and most other theorists, including Catholic philosophers, until modern times, indeed until the nineteenth century. A common view was that social hierarchy and its attendant dissimilarity was natural. This inference was likely little much than a naturalistic f exclusivelyacy of deriving ought from is, but it seemed compelling to most writers. In the seventeenth century, the Levellers in England pushed for equality as essentially a Christian requirement. provided theirs was an odd voice in the history of concern with justice before the recent era.David Hume, writing about 1751, saw distributive justice in the modern sense as pernicious. He attributed concern with such an abstract principle to writers who argued from pure reason with no attention to the possibilities of their actual world and to such ghostlike fanatics as the Levellers (discussed further below). Although he may have had a lingering commitment to arguments from merit, his actual statement of the problems with egalitarian distribution could hardly be more modern in its arguments. He wrote that ideas of perfect equality . . .are really, at bottom, impracticable and were they not so, would be extremely pernicious to human society. Render possessions ever so equal, mens different degrees of art, care, and industry will immediately break that equality. Or if you check these virtues, you reduce society to the most extreme indigence and sooner of preventing want and beggary in a few, render it unavoidable to the whole community. The most rigorous inquisition too is requisite to watch every inequality on its first appearance and the mo st severe jurisdiction, to punish and redress it. But besides, that so much authority must soon degenerate into tyranny, and be exerted with great partialities who fire possibly be possessed of it, in such a situation as here supposed? Perfect equality of possessions, destroying all subordination, weakens extremely the authority of the magistracy, and must reduce all power nearly to a level, as well as property. (Hume 1975, p. 194)In this passage, Hume raises three of the standard arguments against equality, which can be stated in contemporary vocabulary as follows.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

kodak brief review :: essays research papers

NoteThe examination will be in two parts. Part 1 will turn back a set of multiple-choice questionsdesigned to check your understanding of all of the lectures material. Part 2 will concern this casestudy, with the examination paper including a set of questions about it.The case study describes a situation, which you need to research further and resolve. In preparationfor the examination, you should analyse this case study and relate it to the lectures so that you arriveat the examination with an understanding of how you might proceed.CASE STUDYKodak, based in Rochester, New York, where it pioneered the use of photographic film 100 eld ago, has been facing weak profits and job cuts as it struggles to turn round itsbusiness.Wednesday, 21 June, 2000, 1126 GMT 1226 UKKodak looks to digital redemption by BBC parole Onlines Steve SchifferesThe worlds most famous film company is hoping that the digital film revolution will come to its rescue.Dan shaft, Kodaks chief executive, told BBC Ne ws Online that he was " truly frustrated" by the low share price forhis company which is trading at around 10 times earnings despite five accommodate of record profits."There is no question that digital imaging is going to expand the use of photography and make it more userfriendly," he explained to News Online during a whirlwind tour of Europe."Whats holding us back is some scepticism that the digital revolution is yet to be finalised," he said.Fresh investmentMr Carp told the BBC that the company would invest two-thirds of its $900m research and development budget indigital technologies. It was also spending over $1bn in buying back its own shares in order to boost their price.Analysts say the share buybacks are needed to boost the companys earnings per share which have been dilutedby employees cashing in some 20m investment company options last year.Mr Carp said he was not worried by the threat of a takeover. However, he admitted that the marketplace for digitalimaging technology was belike to be more crowded than traditional photography, with companies like Sony vyingwith Kodak, Fuji, and Olympus.Kodak had been slow to introduce full digital technology, fearing that it would hurt sales of existing photographicproducts. But it at present aims for 45% of its sales, and 27% of profits, to come from digital sales by 2005.Mr Carp said that the introduction of broadband and other high-speed internet connections would speed the relieveof digital technology. There were more than 4m digital cameras sold in the USA, and 1m in Europe, last year, and

The Courage of Beowulf Essay -- Epic of Beowulf Essays

Courage is a theme that is shown throughout the entire epic of Beowulf. By definition courageousness is the state or quality of mind or spirit that enables one to face danger, fear, or vicissitudes on ones own will and determination. There be some things form the epic that could be used to prove this statement, but I chose to use the section entitled The Final Battle. In this section there are two great speeches given by both Beowulf and Wiglaf. I believe that in both of these monologues courage is portrayed by the two warriors, and it is easy to hold back why.In Section 14, lines 674-685 Beowulf says, ....I feel no shame, with shield and sword and armor, against this monster when he comes to me I mean to stand, not to run from his shooting flames, stand bowlfate decides which one of us wins. My heart is firm, my hands calm I need nohot words. Wait for me close by, my friends. We shall see, soon, who will survivethis blinking(a) battle, stand when the armed combat is don e. No one else could do what Imean to, here, no man but me could hope to defeat this monster. No one couldtry...Now, this passing game pretty much explains Beowulfs courage without an interpretation, but for the sake of argument I will interpret it for you. Beowulf is saying that he has no fear in fighting this monster, because he means to stand and not run. He says that his heart is firm and his hands are calm,...

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Conflict in The Child By Tiger Essay examples -- Child Tiger Conflict

Conflict in The Child By TigerThe Child by Tiger is narrated by a man who is remembering an eventfrom his childhood. The story centers on Dick Prosser, who is a black hired handfor Mr. Shepperton. Dick is twisty in several levels of impinge throughoutthe story.* These include intrapersonal conflicts, a conflict with society, andconflict with his environment.The first conflict is very important in the scheme of the story, becauseit provides the required conditions for this kind of an event to take place.This is Dicks conflict with his environment. Although he is a free man, andseems to be very tolerant, Dick lives in a time and place where nigh people areless than friendly to black men, and do not see him as an equal. This becomesevident when the auto collision occurs, and the drunk man carry on to assaultDick without cause, and without fear of retaliation. This is because he knowsthat a black man is powerless in the society of the time.Society brings us to the second conflict, w hich is Prossers conflictwith society. iodine night, without warning, he begins a killing spree which spansthe better part of a day, and spawns a fatal manhunt. His conflict with thesociety in general is characterized by his indiscriminate choice of victims.These victims range from a police officer to an innocent black man looking outhis window, to several citizens who try to put an end to his madness. Thisconflict is stopped when the mob...

Conflict in The Child By Tiger Essay examples -- Child Tiger Conflict

Conflict in The Child By TigerThe Child by Tiger is narrated by a adult male who is remembering an eventfrom his childhood. The report centers on Dick Prosser, who is a obtuse hired handfor Mr. Shepperton. Dick is involved in several levels of fight throughoutthe story.* These include intrapersonal conflicts, a conflict with society, andconflict with his environment.The first conflict is very important in the scheme of the story, becauseit provides the necessary conditions for this kind of an event to take place.This is Dicks conflict with his environment. Although he is a drop by the wayside man, andseems to be very tolerant, Dick lives in a time and place where most people areless than friendly to black men, and do not see him as an equal. This becomesevident when the auto collision occurs, and the drunk man proceeds to assaultDick without cause, and without fear of retaliation. This is because he knowsthat a black man is powerless in the society of the time.Society brings us to the second conflict, which is Prossers conflictwith society. One night, without warning, he begins a killing spree which spansthe better part of a day, and spawns a fatal manhunt. His conflict with thesociety in general is characterized by his indiscriminate choice of victims.These victims range from a police officer to an innocent black man looking outhis window, to several citizens who try to put an end to his madness. Thisconflict is stopped when the mob...

Monday, May 27, 2019

NFO in law

June 2012 Question 4 Discuss the criminal liability of Jameela and of Leah arising out of the Incidents in the town. First ot all in that respect is a battery with the initial contact that Jameela has on Ken. The AR of battery is infliction of unlawful violence. Battery is defined as being the slightest smirch without permission as In the campaign of Cole v Turner, the knocking in to Ken is this touch without his permission. When she knocked into Ken this light-emitting diode to him to fall. This is an ABH as this battery led to further damage with Ken falling down.The AR of ABH Is common assault occasioning In actual bodily harm. Miller defines this as any damage or Injury calculated to interfere with the health or comfort of the V, in which the falling down would cause Ken to experience some temper with falling to the ground. However this fall resulted In Ken breaking his hip. This Is a GBH S20 as this break would restrain caused him to go to hospital. The AR of G3H S20 Is ca using wound or G3H. There isnt a wound and therefore there is only grievous bodily harm.The case of smith defines grievous as meaning really somber harm hich includes broken bones. The case of Bollom states that the seriousness of the harm scales with the age of the victim, as Ken in this scenario Is elderly man the seriousness of the fall was serious as his body Is weaker and therefore there Is more damage that is done, affecting the graveness of the injury. Therefore the AR of GBH S20 has been established. Then there Is the liability of the heart attack the Kens wife (Iris) suttered when he got knocked down.Again this is a G3H S20 and the AR is stated above. It is a GBH S20 as the harm that was caused was serious as it caused Iris many weeks to recover. Again the case of 30110m help as the age of Iris comes in to play when affecting the seriousness. There isnt any causation issues as the chain isnt broken as the thin skull rules that defects that werent known to he D, Haystead d oesnt break the chain and therefore It doesnt matter that Iris may have had a bad heart there is still is a chain of causation.Even though Jameela didnt directly inflict the GBH S20 the case of Martin states that it can be caused indirectly in which watching her husband fall and get hurt indirectly caused her to have a heart attack. The AR of GBH S20 has been established for Iris The MR of GBH is direct intention or subjective recklessness causing some harm, defined by the case of Mowatt. Some harm can be Interpreted as anything as small as a battery. For the GdH s20 on Ken, subjective recklessness can be used as in the case of Cunningham. hich states that first there has to be and unjustified risk and that the D had taken this risk anyway. In this case Jameela was In a large crowd and started lashing out knowing that there would be a risk that she would hit someone and cause some of the harrn Jameela ould have perceived this risk as she was in a large crown knowing that this would make her panic because of the delusions that she has due to her paranoid schizophrenia.Transferred malice can be used as a way of proving the MR of G8H S20 on Iris as well. Transferred malice can only be used on psyche to person with similar crime, in which this scenario is and theretore it can be used. The case ot Mitchell can be used as it is similar as this case as the D as in busy place and the action that they took led to an old person breaking a hip. Transfer malice would be usband hurt on the radical and therefore the MR of the offence on Ken is transferred over to Iris as well.Therefore there is the MR of GBH S2 established for both Ken and Iris. When Leah intervened she would have first committed a battery as she would have had to grab hold of Jameela in some form. The AR of battery is stated above. The case of Thomas states that the slightest touch even of vesture is enough for a battery, in which Leah may have grabbed Jameela by the top as a way of trying to control he r on which would be a battery. Then there is an ABH, again stated above, as

Sunday, May 26, 2019

To Kill a Mockingbird Essay – Explain How 2 Characters Changed over the Course of the Book

To Kill A Mockingbird Essay Introduction * Thesis In To Kill A Mockingbird, characters such as Calpurnia and snigger Radley are not who they are do out to be in the beginning of the play to both the readers and guide. * Point 1 Jem and Scout learn that Calpurnia, their housekeeper, is not who they thought she was. * Point 2 The Finchs and the people of the town realize that fizzle Radley is not the same man they thought he was. Scout and Jem is not the articulate servant they made her out to be all these years in their house.Her role is the household is much different compared to other families. Calpurnia has pretty much taken the role as the mom, in the house. This one time, she disciplined Scout at the dinner table when they had Walter over for dinner and Scout made a brutal comment. However, Scouts and Jems view of Calpurnia changed when they went to church with her when Atticus could not take them. When they arrived at the church, Calpurnia was confronted by Lula for brini ng white chillun (Lee 119) in a black church. They comprehend Calpurnia use slang and words they had never ever come out of her mouth.This newly discovered side of Calpurnia confused the children. They could not understand how their well respected and well-spoken housemaid could be so dirty. When Scout questioned her about it later on, Calpurnia explained herself folks dont like to have somebody around knowin much than they do. It aggravates em. Youre not gonna change any of them by talkin right, theyve got to want to learn themselves, and when they dont want to learn themselves theres nothing you hind end do but keep your mouth shut or talk their language. (Lee 126) Calpurnias explanation really answered Scouts question as to why she had to talk nigger-talk. (Lee 125) The people of Maycomb do not have the right perspective of Boo Radley. The rumor that have surrounded him and his family have caused him to stay within the control of his home. The rumors say that he killed hi s mother and stabbed a family member with a pair of scissors. Over the summer, the kids (Scout, Jem, and Dill) acted out the story of Boo Radley and his family over the summer.Also, when Jem and Dill rolled Scout down the hill in the tire, they refused to help Scout get out since she had landed in his (Boo Radleys) property. However, the children have it all wrong. In the beginning of the book, Jem and Scout pass finding gifts in the hole of the oak at the edge of his land which he had been placing there. Another instance where they were proven wrong was when he gave Scout a blanket during the fire that took out Miss Maudies home. Again, no one had any idea he had done this.The biggest reason as to why everyone has made out Boo Radley all wrong was when he saved Jem and Scout from Mr. Ewell. Conclusion * Thesis In To Kill A Mockingbird, characters such as Calpurnia and Boo Radley are not who they are made out to be in the beginning of the play to both the readers and Scout. * Point 1 Jem and Scout learn that Calpurnia, their housekeeper, is not who they thought she was. * Point 2 The Finchs and the people of the town realize that Boo Radley is not the same man they thought he was.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Is Psychology a Science Essay

Psychology is commonly defined as scientific study of human race demeanour and cognitive processes. in general speaking the discussion focuses on the different branches of psychology, and if they are indeed scientific. However, it is integral in this to debate to chthonianstand exactly the major features of a science, in determine to judge if psychology is in fact one.There must be a definable subject matter this changed from conscious human thought to human and non-human behaviour, then to cognitive processes within psychologys first eighty years as a separate discipline. Also, a theory construction is important. This represents an stress to explain observed phenomena, such as Watsons attempt to account for human and non-human behaviour in terms of classical conditioning, and Skinners ensuant attempt to do the same with operant conditioning. Any science must have hypotheses, and indeed test them.This involves making specific predictions about behaviour under certain specifie d conditions, for example, predicting that by combining the sight of a rat with the sound of an iron bar banging behind his head, a small babe will learn to fear the rat, as is the case of Little Albert (1923). Also, empirical methods are used in scientific fields to collect data, relevant to the opening being tested, as is the case in many psychological experiments, such as the use of brain scanning in Dement and Kleitmans 1957 study.Science is meant to be objective and unbiased. It should be free of values and discover the truths about what it is studying. Positivism is the view that science is objective and a study of what is real. For example, schizophrenia, when diagnosed as being caused due(p) to excess dopamine, is being studied in a scientific manner. The explanation does not take into account any cultural customs or one-on-one differences that might lead to schizophrenic behaviour.However, even in scientific research like this the person is doing the diagnosing has his or her own views, and may misinterpret behaviour because of his or her own subjective biases. For example, if someone talks about hearing voices, they may be referring to a spiritual experience, but a medical practician might well diagnose schizophrenia. So objective, value-free study is not easy, because the scientist has views and biases, and cultural or other issues are perhaps important factors. Some say that a truly objective study is not possible. In conclusion, its a science.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Whether the Burgess land use model is still relevant in the modern day

Urban land use models are designed to help us understand how towns develop. Although towns and cities eat no exact match, the models are designed to show that every urban area has its similarities. Since models rarely take into account things like hills and rivers, there are no guarantees that the model leave be completely accurate. I am using the Burgess model because it was one of the most successful land use models- it whitethorn well be similarly successful in the modern town.A man called E.W Burgess designed an Urban Land use model, naming it later on himself. It was designed in his home country of America, in the urban center of Chicago. This is what he designedBurgess theory was that people competed for limited amounts of outer space. Only people who that the zones were arranged concentrically, variant in age and character. Burgess believed that the house became newer, and the residents became wealthier, the further they got from the CBD. The people who could afford the best land got it, people like businessmen. The poorest groups were left with the worst locations. Burgess believed that contrastive zones of the city had different functions.These are the sections of the city that he identified* Central business district contains the major shops and offices, and is the centre for commerce, entertainment and place.* Wholesale light industry- This is where the oldest housing in the city is. Such housing is usually deteriorating into slum property. Some areas are also being taken over by light industry. The locals bunk to be immigrants or poorer social groups.* Low class residential- Inhabited by people who clear managed to escape from the previous zone. They work in nearby factories, and have no choice but to live there so they can get to work quickly and cheaply.* Medium class residential- The housing is of a offend graphic symbol, and is mostly semi detached and council estates.* High class residential- Occupied by people who can afford the m ost expensive properties and the postgraduate cost of properties, and the high cost of commuting. This zone also includes the commuter villages beyond the edge of the city, although there were few in Burgess time.The Burgess model is also linked to the bid-rent model. The amount of nones different land users are go outing to pay for the land depends on their location- the CBD has the most expensive rents. It is the most accessible area as most transport services are focused on the city centre, and main roadstead meet here. The more than accessible a location, then the easier it is to get there. Therefore, people pick to have work locations that people can access easily, and are also prepared to pay more for them.The Burgess Model also ignores the fact that virtually all towns are affected by physical features such as rivers, lakes and hills. It also ignores heavy industries, and housing re victimisation. Also, in 1924, there was not so oftentimes dependence on transport as t here is today.Other weaknesses in the model include the criticism that in reality, zones do not just end, and the neighboring one begins. Zones overflow, and the model is designed for highly developed cities such as Chicago, and not 3rd world cities that you might find in Ethiopia and Sudan. Therefore, the model is not universally correct.Hypothesis 1.Land use changes with increasing distance from the centre of Blaydon.This statement fits in with the Burgess model, as Burgess claimed that the land near the CBD bequeath be densely populated and tightly fitted, whilst the land further out of town will have more room for things like gardens. Houses will be terraced near the town centre, and semi detatched on the outskirts. This statement fits in with Burgess Bid Rent Model, as he claimed that land in the centre of the town was more useful and therefore expensive, so less people would be able to afford big gardens.This hypothesis should be true, because in reality most towns train fr om the centre, and will therefore have many buildings squashed into a small section of land near the middle, but towards the countryside there is more free spaceHypothesis 2.Housing age will become younger with increasing distance from the centre of Blaydon.This theory fits into the burgess model because the further you are from the city centre the younger the houses will be because the growth of cities are from the CBD so the houses on the outskirts will be the youngest. The CBD was built first in the beginning of the development of Blaydon. This convey that houses will be built after the early developments. This process will continue until there is no land to build on. This theory means that houses will be younger as you progress further form the CBD.The hypothesis should be true because the Burgess model claims city growth occurred in the CBD first then grew outwards form there.Hypothesis 3The quality of life will improve with increasing distance from the CBD of Blaydon.This th eory also fits into the burgess model because as you get further away from the CBD the environment qualities should increase and also better housing materials will be available. Hypothesis 2 cerebrate with this hypothesis because as the houses become younger, they will become more modern and better building methods will be being used. Quality of life will increase due to the steady increase of size in houses as you progress further from the CBD. Bigger houses mean more money and better quality of life. For example, big gardens and garages accompanied with driveways. In my view this is a better quality of life compared to terraced houses with no gardens.This hypothesis should be true because the house age will decrease and quality of life will increase as you move further form the CBD. Also the environment wont be as bad because the roads and air will be less congested.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Paper Publishing Versus Electronic Publishing

Our world evolves in a very fast modal value from our household to outside jobs to recreation. All whole works concerned time efficiency and how works are to be done in the fastest way we plunder but not restraining the good quality of the product. All information, literary works and former(a) works concerning anything under the sun relevant to mankind must be accounted for. Upon considering all information, literary works, and other works, it should be known to public by disseminating it.Publishing is the best way to communicate and disseminate information and works to the people. Traditionally, reputation publishing do all the works when it comes to publication may it be news, literary works, musical works, and others. At present, the use of paper media in publishing is passive enormous. However, considering the vastness of cost in using paper as a medium in publishing, then resources should be considered. Electronic publishing is the best alternative the web can give which ha s its appealing qualities and products. The evidence of its appealing features and products relies on the availability of the topic to be found.Electronic publishing make sure that their products and works are easy to access by its consumers thus providing them a lesser time in finding any information. Electronic publishing also has a wide range of links for a specific topic. Through the use of the web more information are readily access linking a particular topic to a more specific one. This makes the consumers or readers lessen the wasted time and have that excess time be useful in other activities. Due to the reasons discussed, it is evident that newspaper and book publishers convert their primary product into electronic publishing.Time, quality and reliability must coincide in choosing what to patronize when it regards to the news, literary works and other related works. The fastest the reliable information is to be disseminated the more consumers will trust and the better our world will be.ReferencesLawrence.http//www.idemployee.id.tue.nl/g.w.m.rauterberg/publications/CITESEER2001online-nature.pdf. retrieved July 25, 2007

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Pro and Anti Social Behaviour Essay

a) Outline twain psychological theories of aggression (12 marks) b) Evaluate two theories of aggression that you outlined in part a) in terms of relevant research studies (12 marks) a) Outline and evaluate two psychological theories of aggression (24 marks) Aggression is an case of anti-social conduct. It has been defined as any form of behaviour deported towards the goal of victimizeing or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such harm. Social Psychological theories of aggression These explain aggression as a result of social interactionsSocial Learning Theory (SLT) One of the most powerful theories of aggression is the Social Learning theory put forward by Bandura (1973). The nature of the theory suggests human aggression is learned either through direct experience or by observing obstreperous behaviour in other people i. e. indirect experience. Bandura produced two assumptions in relation to the social tuition theory. He stated that if a child acts aggres sively against another child and as a result gets what they want, their aggressive behaviour has been reinforced.This is an manikin of learning by direct experience, derived from the principles of the traditional learning theory operant and classical takeing. Secondly, he stated that if a child observes another person behaving in an aggressive manner, they may accompany that behaviour them selves, particularly if they see the model reinforced for behaving in that way. This is an example of vicarious experience. Results from Banduras studies ingest shown that children are more likely to imitate models if they are similar to themselves, have some kind of status or who are seen to be rewarded for their actions.He also applied these factors to his Social Learning theory. Bobo razz conduct Bandura (1961) Support for the Social Learning theory comes from studies utilize Bobo dolls (an inflatable toy). This was conducted by Bandura et al (1961). He carried out a study where Nurser y naturalize children watched a film where an adult model behaved aggressively or non-aggressively towards a Bobo doll. The adult model displayed some distinctive physical acts of aggression, for example kicking it and using verbal aggression such as PowFollowing this, the children were taken to a room and shown attractive toys that they were forbidden to play with. This created a perceive of licking within the children. They were then taken to a room containing a Bobo doll and other toys and were then rated for the amount of aggression they showed. Bandura piece that children in the aggressive condition reproduced the physical and verbal behaviours modelled by the adult. In contrast children in the non-aggressive condition showed very little aggression towards the doll. This shows that children can acquire aggressive behaviours from watching the actions of others. raise that supports the Social Learning Theory Further research evidence has been carried out in relation to aggres sion which supports Banduras theory. Silvern and Williamson (1987) investigated the effect video games have on aggression. They found that aggression levels in children increased after playing violent games. This suggests that this was due to imitation or modelling. However, the study lacks validity because it only identifies concise term aggression, not long term aggression thusly, it does not prove any permanent effects.Furthermore, Margeret and Mead (1935) studied aggression in relation to cross ethnic differences. She studied three New Gunea tribes and found that each tribe behaved different in terms of aggressive tendencies. This suggests that the fact that some societies were more aggressive than others supports the fictional character of social learning in aggression. However, the fact that the men were relatively more aggressive in each society suggests that some aspects of aggression are biologically determined. Evidence that challenges the Social Learning TheoryHowever, this theory has been challenged by a number of psychologists. Johnston et al (1977) carried out another study in which he found that children who behaved most aggressively towards the doll were the ones rated by the teachers as most violent generally. Also, Durkin (1995) suggested that Bandura made no distinguish between aggressive behaviour and play fighting. These studies therefore suggest that the findings from the Bobo Doll study lack reliability. In addition, the study has ethical issues as it encourages aggression in children.Furthermore, the situation is unlike a lot of real-life mildew as hitting a doll is no the same as hitting a person. This leads to the assumption that Bandura over exaggerated the extent to which children imitate the behaviour of models. This also leads to the criticism that the study lacks ecological validity due to its artificial setting therefore the results may not apply to real life. Also, some critics implore that the children were manipulated in to responding to the aggressive movie. This was because the children were teased and became aggressive because they could not touch the toys.Finally, there is a problem that the study suffers from high demand characteristics due to the children being given cues how to behave, resulting in the participants to behave in certain predictable ways. Alternative theories Alternative social psychological theories of aggression have also been produced, challenging the idea that aggression is entirely based upon imitation, modelling and reinforcement. Deindividuation theory One of these is the Deindividuation theory proposed by Zimbardo (1969). Deindividuation refers to the loss of a sense of personality identity that can occur when we are for example, in a large crowd or wearing a mask.We then become more likely to engage in anti-social, un-socialised behaviour. Zimbardo (1969) distinguished between various(prenominal) behaviour, which conforms to acceptable social standards, and deindivid uated behaviour, which does not conform to societys social norms. He claimed that people dont normally act aggressively because they are easily identifiable in societies that have strong norms against aggressive behaviour. Being anonymous (and therefore effectively unaccountable) in a crowd has the consequence of reduce inner restraints and increasing behaviours that are usually inhibited.According to Zimbardo, being in part of a crowd can reduce awareness of our own individuality. In a large crowd, each person is faceless and anonymous (so the larger the group, the greater the anonymity), reducing the fear of negative evaluation of our actions and a diminishing the sense of guilt. Therefore, individuals feel less constrained by the norms of social behaviour and as a result, they may be more inclined to act in an anti-social way. This is support by Mann (1981) who found evidence of Deindividuation in the baiting crowd (crowds who frequently baited a potential suicide victim to jump ).Mann found that baiting increased under(a) conditions which increased the anonymity of the crowd (e. g. numbers, darkness and distance from the victim). This therefore supports the claim that deindividuation increases aggressive behaviour. The deindividuation theory is also supported by Zimbardo (1969) who left abandoned cars in New York and a small town in California. He found the abandoned car in the big city was stripped and vandalised very pronto whereas the one in the small town was left alone.This suggests that the larger the group, the more anonymous the individual is and, consequently, the more extreme the antisocial behaviour becomes. Futhermore, Zimbardo (1963) conducted a study specifically to demonstrate the effects of deindividuation on aggression. Participants were asked to shock a confederate. Some were deindividuated (wore a hood, no names were used and they sat in a dimly lit room) and others were easily identifiable (they wore name tags and sat in a bright roo m). The findings showed that the deindividuated students administered the most shocks, i.e. were most aggressive, suggesting that deindividuation plays a role in producing anti-social behaviour. However, the major barrier with using Deindividuation as an explanation for aggression is the fact that it does not always lead to aggression. In some circumstances it can lead to high levels of pro-social behaviour, for example wearing a nurses uniform. Overall Evaluation Overall, the Social learning theory can account for the fact that a persons aggressive behaviour may not be consistent across different situations.It may be reinforced in some situations, but punished in others (context-dependant learning). Furthermore, studies carried out into video games and aggressions are consistent with the Social Learning theory. However, alternative explanations such as the biological explanation (e. g. levels of testosterone are linked to aggressive behaviour) challenge the view that social learn ing is the primary causal factor in aggression. In addition, the social learning theory is limited in arena because aggression doesnt just depend on observational learning.This is supported by cross cultural evidence which demonstrates that some aspects of aggression are innate. personal effects of environmental stressors on aggressive behaviour Use for Describe and evaluate research (theories or studies) into the effects of two or more environmental stressors on aggressive behaviour (24 marks) A number of environmental factors have been identified as triggers for aggression. Some of these possible environmental features are temperature, overcrowding and noise.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Public Education Financing Essay

In the present modern economics, unexclusive upbringing financing is considered as bingle of the flourishing characteristics for the rescue of every country. However, a boorlike variation has been ascertained in the financing practices related to the universal tuition in the United expresss, as fountainhead as, across incompatible parts of the globe. In this regard, differences and diversification can be observed in various economical activities that are considered especi on the wholey for the universal grooming constitution of a country. (Cubberley, 1916) For instance, the American commandmental strategy may also provide huge differences in terms of distribution and expenditures across the country. However, remarkable and noteworthy alterations have been observed in the populace learningal system of the United States. Over the last few years, the abovementi superstard theme has been a major concern of public debate at entirely takes. (National tie beam of Secon dary School Principals, 1972)During the last few years, in target to get maximum lineages for pubic upbringing, different soils of the US have make significant changes in public education funding system. In this regard, various experts believe that little analysis of the subject has been done in the past, and more considerations should be provided to the subject, which has an influencing act on the education system of every country. (Rice, 1893)One of the biggest sources of public education financing is national funding system, as community wide funding system is implemented for the financing of educational activities across the country. In this regard, most of the public education financial expenses are funded at national direct. In this funding system, on the whole nationals of a country bear a substantial tax rates on income for pubic education financing. (Fitch, 1904) The important thing in this funding is that all the tax collected from individuals are funded and distri buted equally among all the students, which is one of the major characteristics of a public education financing system. (Jordan, 1992)At community level, public education financing occurs at a certain community level and students receive sponsorship concord to their requirements. Moreover, at community level education funding system, parents of the students support all the costs of their childrens education, which is comparable as private education funding.Nonetheless, at community level funding system, funding for public education is collected on behalf of communities and sorted randomly into communities contrary to perfect sorting. In this system, all contributors of the public education finance contribute same tax rate fixed by their community. Certainly, at community level, public education financing contributes a small share in overall education expenses, and this thing does not have a great impact on wide economic variable elements, such as social security benefits, etc. (Na tional Association of Secondary School Principals, 1972)However, according to one of the experts in education, a rapid concern in the development sector has been observed in recent years, and a vital role has been compete by the federal judicature. One of the reasons of expression of this concern is that more diversification has been observed in the capabilities of funding by the state giving medications. Moreover, steady increment has been observed in the mobility of these states. Lastly, the federal government has observed an important change in its perspective regarding the public education, and social welfare of the people has been go throughn ascribable greatness during the recent years.On all the aforementioned public education-financing categories, finance education schedule is selected by agents through voting, which is carried out by either the community or federal government. It has been observed that balancing of the educational budget is performed by the provision of different taxation options to the voters by the government, and similar funding is provided according to the taxation level selected by the voters. However, it has been observed that young generation has not been given due significance by disallowing them from the voting, and education can be supported by notwithstanding the voters who face the political decision.The level of taxation is represented by a tax rate and the tax is levied on capital and labor income of all agents residing in the relevant area. When setting up the tax schedule, policy makers care only about being elected, and so they maximize the number of votes. As a result, any party in office will follow the same policy and that policy is the one that is voted for by the greatest number of agents. (Garber, 1964)During the period 2001-2002, the US exhausted approximately four blow and twelve billion dollars in both elementary, as well as, secondary levels of the public education system. This budget on public educ ation was spent with a view to declaring it the biggest single field of direct public expenditures, even beyond the national defense figures. Approximately, in the educational ground, this fund benefited around xl seven million public school students and five million of private schools. (Ana, 2004)Interestingly, per student expenditure during that period was $8,685 yearly. It has been noted by most of the experts that aforementioned budget was collected from federal, state and local sources. However, the amount spent during the year 2001-2002 on public education finance was varied form one state to an separate. In this regard, Connecticut was the state, which got the highest per student education funding fund, and Utah got the lowest fund for public education.In the United States, the state and the local government are responsible for public education cash in hand. In the fiscal year of 1999, forty-nine percent of the monetary resource for public education financing came from sta te appropriations in which, forty-four percent came from domestic revenue and the US federal government contributed seven percent cash for public education financing. In this regard, domestic government raised funds for education mainly through lieu taxes. On the other hand, for public education financing state rely on many funding sources such as corporate & personal income taxes, changes & excise taxes. However, public education financing from the US federal government remained constant if par to past figures. (Jordan, 1992) Historically, with the passage of time, a constant rise has been observed in school funding from the perspective of states. In this regard, the state contributed thirty percent in 1940, which was raised by 40 and forty-nine percent in the year 1970, as well as, 1999 respectively. However, figures of for each one state observed substantial variations by one another.Throughout the history of public education funding, funding sources of each state varied fr om others, and most importantly, the tax rates such as personal and property tax rates were varied according to states. In this context, Hawaiis funds for education mainly came from state sources, and New Mexico public education funds came from both state and domestic sources. In this regard, it has been believed by Richard W and Lindholm that the provision of education as a local responsibility has been closely related with the fraud of property tax as a local tax in the United States.Every year, all the states contribute hundreds of billions of dollars on education financing. In order to distribute collected funds among different territories, states have designed some ground elements that differentiate territories from one another, as well as, estimate the affect of those differences on the cost of furnishing educational services, and distribute funding consequently. Besides all the factors discussed above, grunge wealth in school funding is one of the most important elements th at do one territory to another. In this context, it has been believed by some of the experts in education, such as Torres and Puiggros that overall capability for the maintenance of students, as well as, the promotion of higher(prenominal) education has been improved and enhanced by the public schools, in addition to increasing the equality of educational opportunities.Actually, some territories are wealthy as equality to others. In this regard, states have designed a number of fundamental funding systems that evaluate the estimation of school territories funding levels and distribute it in keeping different grounds, such as domestic differences of wealth element. Although, different states have designed different public education funding system, but one can demonstrate many similarities in school funding structure system.Under the flat grant advancement, in spite of domestic particular context, every territory gets the same flat grant for each student entered in any educational institute. Obviously, in this public education funding system it ponders that the state must go through a minimal level of funding for all educatees and then gives domestic territory liberty to increase funding beyond that level as they recall fit for it. During the period of 1960s and 1970s, the power equalization funding approach arose out of the work of education crusaders actually, they were the people who observed the huge deviations among different territories in the ability to lift domestic funds ensued in education funding inequalities. (Ana, 2004)The solution was to assure all territories a standard amount of fund for each educatee for each unit of taxation. For instance, every state is liable to determine that all school territories must be able to increase hundred dollars on each student, per mill of property tax rate. In any case, where school territorys tax base does not able to rise forty dollar per student, in this case, the state will fulfill territorys education f unds demand of equal to difference surrounded by 100 and 40, or sixty dollar per student, per mill. (Garber, 1964)However, all districts which are considered as wealthier districts and whose tax base rate rises seventy dollars per students, per mill, will only get thirty dollars per student, per mill from the state. In this way, the state levels the playing field for school districts in terms of the ability to raise revenue, ensuring that funding disparities are a result of differences in taxpayer preferences, not taxpayer wealth. Undoubtedly, this approach generates the responsibility that all states all responsible for education funding according to their wealth and resources.The funding approach of foundation projects is presently use in approximately forty states. This approach integrates components of the former described two approaches. Nonetheless, every state furnishes the deviation between the totals of revenue-raised form the domestic tax and the foundation funding lev el. For instance, a state can found a foundation funding level of six gigabyte for each student. However, in a territory having one thousand students this will reflects a total funding of six million dollars. In this regard, if the state calculates a minimal domestic tax rate of two hundred mills increase two million in domestic property taxes, the states will have to furnish an extra fund, which will equal to the deviation between two million and six million. (Richter, 1986)In this approach, if employing the two hundred-mill lower limit tax rate in a wealthier territory with the same number of educatees increased five million, in this situation, the state is bound to furnish only one million in states education funds. In this regard, both territories ends up with the similar domestic tax rate and the similar combined state and domestic funding point for each student, though the proportional weight of those 2 sources is different to a great extent.It can be evaluated that this appr oach is designed to extenuate inequalities in domestic wealth. However, it takes the idea of equality in further stairs in this approach, typically, both outcome and opportunity are taken into consideration and rates are determined with respect of varying degrees of different states. (Williams, 1980)This foundation plan has designed to keep in mind that the domestic school territories must not enjoy limitless prudence while setting funding levels that are intolerably different from other states norms.The full state-funding plan is practically an uncommon approach for funding public education funds, in this approach of public education funding the state is responsible for all education expenses. Hawaii is completely fit for this example Hawaii within a single school territory combines full state funding. In suggesting or deciding public education funding policies, Hawaii is capable to eliminate, any deviations occur between domestic and state governance. Interestingly, in this public education funding system, domestic authorities have no control over levels of funding. (Ana, 2004)All the four aforementioned public education-funding categories show only the fundamental structure of public education funding plans. Nevertheless, in order to collect funds for public education most of the states use schemes that pronounce components of some or all of these funding plans. For instance, a state may distribute some funds through a flat grant education funding approach, or other may apply foundation plan to collect public education funding. In lieu, a state has an authority to give territories permit to raise tax rates in order to collect maximum funds for public education.It can be analyzed that the prime designer behind the public education funding is to get maximum funds, which can be use, effectively in public education. According to some public education funding reformers, public education funds schemes is just a technique to give equality among taxpayers at all levels such as property and other tax burdens.Domestic property taxes such as sales and income taxes are some of the main sources of Californias pubic education funds. In addition, these accruement sources are supplemented with money from the Californias state lottery, federal government and other sundry public education funds collected domestically by school territories.The following diagram represents that how the public education funds were collected in California during the period of 2002-2003.K-12 Funding Comes From Five Sources (Ana, 2004)State AidState aid collected mostly from Californias sales and income taxes.Property TaxesDuring the period of 2005-2006, property taxes were collected domestically and distributed to all schools through a principle determined by state.Federal AidFederal aid was appropriated for some especial purposes such as special childrens education, child nutrition programmes, child left behind programmes and so forth.Domestic Miscellaneous Domestic mis cellaneous funds included, interest income, revenue generated from domestic share tax elections, communality contributions and so on.drawingCalifornia state lottery funds were collected on behalf of public education funds on per student basis.Proposition 98Proposition 98, the aliment of a voter initiative, this law define the responsibility of each state, under this rule every state is bound to contribute in K-12 community and education colleges. This public education funding contains both domestic property tax revenues and state monies. As far as amount of guarantee is concerned, it is determined by using a set of formulas dictated by law.Since the year 1988, one of the most crucial factors for the determination of amount of revenue received by the public schools is the calculation of the minimum guarantee, because of the passage of Proposition 98. In addition, proposition ninety-eight insures a minimal level of funding for public education. Proposition ninety-eight funds represe nts about eight dollar out of every ten dollar apportioned to K-12 education in California. As mentioned above, Californias public education funds, other sources include domestic sundry resources, federal government, and lottery, which shared twenty percent in Public education funds. (Williams, 1980)Legally speaking, a minimum of thirty-four of the receipts from the California state lottery should have to be allocated to public educational institutes. Moreover, the apportioned money for each student basis, should have to be used only for instructional uses and not for research and development (R&D) purposes. In the year 2000, Proposition 20 was approved and accepted by the voters, which required that instructional materials should be considered and given due importance by half of any increment in the share of revenue collected from the lottery for the education. For the year 2005, as well as, 2006, approximately $146 per pupil was received by the districts from the above-mentioned s ource, from which, instructional materials were bought by roughly $25 from the total amount per student.The domestic sundry category of funds per annum shows about six percent of entire revenue collected for K-12 schools. Moreover, this public education funding was separate from domestic tax incomes the state control. It came from the sources that were domestically administered, that income generated from cafeteria sales, income from lease, income from sale of territory property and so forth.Interestingly, for less than twenty percent territory in the state, a significant source of domestic sundry income was the voter-approved domestic parcel taxes. In reality, these were some of the special types of property taxes, which were not related to the value of property. Nonetheless, according to some of the experts, one of the most important policies on the domestic level is the education system in the United States. The implementation of American ideology in the lives of American people is represented by the education system of the country, and due significance should be provided in this regard, which has been given in the past, and must be given in the coming years. (Hutchins, 1961)In the United States, both government and public are expecting a lot from educational institutions like school and colleges. In the past, educational institutes were being gainsaid to fit the demand of a countrys economy that is increasingly oriented towards knowledge in all respects and information skills. (Hutchins, 1961) At both federal and state level, present American legislative has made some changes in educational funding system and have created some new systems that will test educational institutes teachers and students performance. In the light of present current changes in public education financing system, many experts have already said that these ongoing policies will advance education level.Conclusively, the paper has tried to examine different aspects and perspectives of public education system across the world, and specifically, in the United States. It was noted during the paper that during the last few years, in order to get maximum funds for pubic education, different states of the US have made significant changes in public education funding system. Every year, all the states contribute hundreds of billions of dollars on education financing. Moreover, various features of the government financing on the federal, state, as well as, community level were discussed in the paper. Lastly, different characteristics related to the funding of the education system in the country were studied and evaluated during the paper, which will support the better understanding of its funding by the students, experts, and policy makers in the future.References Kenneth Forbis Jordan. (1992). Financing Public Education in an Era of Change. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation. National Association of Secondary School Principals. (1972). Financing Public Education. Na tional Association of Secondary School Principals. Lee Orville Garber. (1964). The Law governing the Financing of Public Education. Interstate Printers and Publishers. Mary Frase Williams. (1980). The Public School and Finances. Pilgrim Press. Clayton Darius Hutchins. (1961). Trends in Financing Public Education, 1929-30 to 1959-60. U.S. Department of Health Education. Otto Santa Ana. (2004). Tongue-Tied. Rowman & Littlefield. Ellwood Patterson Cubberley. (1916). Public School Administration. Houghton Mifflin Co. Charles Elliot Fitch. (1904). the Public School. J. B. Lyon partnership Printers. Joseph Mayer Rice. (1893). the Public-School System of the United States. The Century Co. Albert J. Richter. (1986). the Impact of the Rural Recession on Public School Financing and Programs. NEW Professional Library.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Race: Social Construct

Race as a Social Construct Race dominates our personal lives (192 Lopez). Race is ever a part of peoples lives and throughout the film Rabbit Proof Fence order by Phillip Noyce and the Critical Race surmise written by Ian Lopez, we are able to see in what ways it affects people. The film depicts a group of three one-half caste native Australian girls, who are interpreted from their family by a white man, Mr. Neville. The girls are taken to be trained as servants and also so they bed assimilate to the White culture.The article explains how dry wash can be mistaken to be a biological difference, but how it actually is a social construct created by auberge. Throughout their works, Lopez and Noyce portray that black market is non discoverd by biological factors, but rather by society creating social constructs. The Aborigines uneasiness towards whites because of how the whites treat and degrade them for their physical attributes exemplifies how race is a social construct. In t he movie, the half caste kids were nervous of being taken and never being able to see their mothers again.The half castes were taken to their new home where they were checked for struggle color and the fairer ones who are cleverer to see who can be freed to leave and energise a good education (Noyce). The whites were the ones who were free and had many more opportunities than the Aborigines did because of the color of their skin hence, Their race in the end determined whether they were free or enslaved (192 Lopez). Their freedom was controlled by the whites, who caused them and their familys pain because the whites position their race was superior.In Rabbit Proof Fence, the whites separate themselves and the Aborigines because of their skin color and make the mistake of determining race by biological differences. Although Mollys wit is able to fool Mr. Neville, Moodoo knows where the girls are, proving that race is created by society and not by genes. There are times when Moodoo senses the girls nearby, but seems to ignore it. When he is with the white man looking for the girls he says shes pretty clever that girl, she wants to go home (Noyce) because he wants to pretend he does not know where they are.He understands that it is unfair for these helpless people to be taken from their families out of force because he can relate since his daughter was taken as well. In the Critical Race Theory article, Lopez talks more or less how Black and White are social groups, not genetically distinct branches of humankind (193 Lopez). To Mr. Neville, whites are thought to be superior because of how they look compared to the Aborigines therefore, the fairer ones are more intelligent and clever. Molly and Moodoo prove Mr.Neville wrong when they trounce him, which verifies that race is a social construct. Race can be thought of as a capacious group of people loosely bound together by historically contingent, socially significant elements (193 Lopez) from their ancestry. auberge has categorized people based on many varied characteristics ranging from hair, complexion, and facial features (192 Lopez). We see this categorization in the movie when the whites put the half caste Aborigines in a special camp away from their families because of their skin color.The Critical Race Theory explains to us that race is a social construct created by society and Rabbit Proof Fence provides us with examples from the article. Race is constantly mistaken to be people with different physical attributes, when in reality a persons biology should not and does not determine which race he or she belongs to. Race is a social construct. Works Cited Delgado, Richard. Critical Race Theory The Cutting Edge. Philadelphia Temple UP, 1995. Rabbit-proof Fence. Dir. Phillip Noyce. Perf. Everlyn Sampi, Tianna Sansbury, Laura Monaghan, and Kenneth Charles Branagh. Miramax Films, 2002. DVD.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Ib Math Ia

MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 math Standard Level The portfolio businesss For return in 2012 and 2013 International Baccalaureate Organization 2010 7 pages For utmost estimate in 2012 and 2013 2 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C O N T E N TS T y p e I t as k s Circles T y p e I I t as k s Fish Production capital Medal Heights INTRODUC TI ON W h a t is t h e p u r p ose of t h is d oc u m e n t ? This document contains refreshful tasks for the portfolio in mathematics SL. These tasks have been produced by the IB, for teachers to use in the examination sessions in 2012 and 2013.It should be noted that most tasks previously produced and make by the IB testament no longer be valid for sagacity after the November 2010 examination session. These include all the tasks in any teacher take for material (TSM), and the tasks in the document tfolio tasks 2009 The tasks in the in the 2012 examinations that N O T in 2013. Copies of all TSM tasks published by the IB argon operational on the On line programme Centre (OCC), under Internal Assessme not be used, even in slightly modified form. W h a t h a p p e n s i f t e a c h e r s u s e t h e s e o l d t a s k s?The inclusion of these octogenarian tasks in the portfolio go out make the portfolio non -compliant, and such portfolios ordain therefore attract a 10-mark penalty. Teachers may continue to use the old tasks as practice tasks, but they should not be included in the portfolio for final perspicacity. W h a t o t h e r d oc u m e n t s s h o u l d I u se? All teachers should have copies of the mathematics SL subject guide (second edition, September 2006), including the instruction notes appendix, and the TSM (September 2005). Further information, ncluding additional notes on applying the criteria, is available on the Online Curri dead endum Centre (OCC). Important smarts items are also available on the OCC, as are the diploma programme coordinator notes, which contain updated information on a variety of issues . W h i c h t as k s c a n I u se i n 2012? The unaccompanied tasks produced by the IB that may be submitted for targetessment in 2012 are the ones contained in this document, and those in the document Portfolio tasks 2011 2012 . at that place is no requirement to use tasks produced by the IB, and there is no date restriction on tasks compose by teachers.For final judicial decision in 2012 and 2013 3 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C a n I u se t h ese t as k s b e f o r e M a y 2012? These tasks should only be submitted for final assessment from May 2012 to November 2013. Students should not include them in portfolios before May 2012. If they are included, they will be subject to a 10-mark penalty. Please note that these dates refer to examination sessions, not when the school is completed. W h i c h t as k s c a n I u se i n 2013? The only tasks produced by the IB that may be submitted for assessment in 2013 are the ones contained in this document. T e c h n ologyThere is a blanke t(a) range of technological tools available to support mathematical work. These include graphic display calculators, Excel spreadsheets, Geogebra, Autograph, geometer sketch pad and Wolframalpha. Many are free d consumeloads from the Internet. Students (and teachers) should be encouraged to explore which ones best support the tasks that are assigned. Teachers are reminded that good technology use should enhance the development of the task. E x t r a c ts f r o m d i p lom a p r og r a m coo r d i n a to r n ot es Important information is included in the DPCN, available on the OCC.Teachers should ensure they are familiar with these, and in particular with the ones noted on a lower floor. Please note that the propagation to the 2009/2010 document is outdated. C op i es of t as k s a n d m a r k i n g/sol u t ion k e ys Teachers are advised to write their own tasks to jibe in with their own teaching plans, to select from the 2009/2010 document, or to use tasks written by different t eachers. In each case, teachers should work the task themselves to make sure it is sui control board, and provide a copy of the task, and an answer, solution or marking distinguish for any task submitted.This will help the moderators confirm the levels awarded by the teacher. It is particularly important if teachers modify an IB published task to include a copy of the modified task. While this is permitted, teachers should think carefully about do any changes, as the tasks have been written with all the criteria in mind, to allow students to achieve the higher levels. N on -co m p l i a n t po r t f ol ios f r om M a y 2012 Please note the future(a) information on how to deal with portfolios that do not contain one task of each type. This will be applied in the May 2012 and subsequent examination sessions.If two pieces of work are submitted, but they do not represent a Type I and a Type II task (for example, they are both Type I or both Type II tasks), mark both tasks, one agains t each Type. For example, if a candidate has submitted two Type I tasks, mark one development the Type I c riteria, and the other using the Type II Criteria. Do not apply any further penalty This means that the current system of marking both tasks against the same criteria and then(prenominal) applying a penalty of 10 marks will no longer be used. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 4 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 SL T YPE IA im In this t ask you wi l l conside r a se t of numbe rs tha t a r e pr esent ed in a symme t r i c a l pa t t e rn. Consider the five rows of numbers shown below. Describe how to find the numerator of the sixth row. Using technology, plot the relation between the row number, n, and the numerator in each row. Describe what you notice from your plot and write a command report to represent this. Find the sixth and seventh rows. Describe any patterns you used. Let E n ( r ) be the ( r 1) th element in the nth row, starting with r 15 manakin E5 (2) . 9 0. Find t he popular description for E n ( r ) .Test the validity of the general statement by finding additional rows. Discuss the scope and/or limitations of the general statement. Explain how you arrived at your general statement. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 5 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 C IR C L ES SL T YPE I A im The a im of this t ask is to invest i ga t e posi t ions of points in i nt e rse c t ing c i r c l es. The following diagram shows a circle C 1 with centre O and wheel spoke r, and any point P. r P O C1 The circle C 2 has centre P and radius OP. Let A be one of the points of intersection of C 1 and C 2 . Circle C 3 has centre A, and radius r.The point P is the intersection of C 3 with (OP). This is shown in the diagram below. C3 A O P P C2 C1 Let r 1 . Use an analytic approach to find OP , when OP 2 , OP 3 and OP 4 . Describe what you notice and write a general statement to represent this. Let OP 2 . Find OP , when r 2 , r 3 and r 4 . Describe what you notice and writ e a general statement to represent this. causerie whether or not this statement is consistent with your earlier statement. Use technology to investigate other values of r and OP. Find the general statement for OP . Test the validity of your general statement by using variant values of OP and r.Discuss the scope and/or limitations of the general statement. Explain how you arrived at the general statement. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 6 MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 F IS H PR O D U C T I O N SL T YPE II A im This t ask conside rs comme r c i a l f ishing in a pa r t i cul a r count ry in two di ff e r ent envi ronments the se a and f ish f a rms (aqua cul tur e). The da t a is t a k en f rom the U N St a t ist i cs D ivisi on C ommon D a t a b a se . The following table gives the total mass of fish caught in the sea, in thousands of tonnes (1 tonne = 1000 kilograms). Y ea rT ot a l M ass 1980 426. 8 1981 470. 2 1982 503. 4 1983 557. 3 1984 564. 7 1985 575. 4 1986 579. 8 1987 624 . 7 1988 669. 9 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1989 450. 5 1990 379. 0 1991 356. 9 1992 447. 5 1993 548. 8 1994 589. 8 1995 634. 0 1996 527. 8 1997 459. 1 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1998 487. 2 1999 573. 8 2000 503. 3 2001 527. 7 2002 566. 7 2003 507. 8 2004 550. 5 2005 426. 5 2006 533. 0 Define suitable variables and discuss any parameters/constraints. Using technology, plot the entropy points from the table on a graph. Comment on any apparent trends in your graph and give notice suitable models.Analytically develop a model that fits the information points. (You may find it useful to consider a combination of serves. ) On a new set of axes, draw your model range and the original data points. Comment on any differences. Revise your model if necessary. The table below gives the total mass of fish, in thousands of tonnes, from fish farms. Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1980 1. 4 1981 1. 5 1982 1. 7 1983 2. 0 1984 2. 2 1985 2. 7 1986 3. 1 1987 3. 3 1988 4. 1 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1989 4. 4 1990 5. 8 199 1 7. 8 1992 9. 1 1993 12. 4 1994 16. 0 1995 21. 6 1996 33. 2 1997 5. 5 Y ea r T ot a l M ass 1998 56. 7 1999 63. 0 2000 79. 0 2001 67. 2 2002 61. 2 2003 79. 9 2004 94. 7 2005 119. 8 2006 129. 0 darn the data points from this table on a graph, and discuss whether your analytical model for the original data fits the new data. Use technology to find a suitable model for the new data. On a new set of axes, draw both models. Discuss how trends in the first model could be explained by trends in the second model. By considering both models, discuss possible future trends in both types of fishing. For final assessment in 2012 and 2013 7MATME/PF/M12/N12/M13/N13 G O L D M E D A L H E I G H TS SL T YPE II A i m T he a i m of th i s t a sk i s to O lympi c G ames. high jump in the The table below gives the meridian (in centimeters) achieved by the gold medalists at various Olympic Games. 1932 Y ea r H e igh t (c m) 197 1936 203 1948 198 1952 204 1956 212 1960 216 1964 218 1968 224 1972 223 1 976 225 1980 236 Note The Olympic Games were not held in 1940 and 1944. Using technology, plot the data points on a graph. Define all variables used and state any parameters clearly. Discuss any possible constraints of the task.What type of function models the behaviour of the graph? Explain why you chose this function. Analytically create an equation to model the data in the above table. On a new set of axes, draw your model function and the original graph. Comment on any differences. Discuss the limitations of your model. Refine your model if necessary. Use technology to find another function that models the data. On a new set of axes, draw both your model functions. Comment on any differences. Had the Games been held in 1940 and 1944, estimate what the winning heights would have been and justify your answers.Use your model to predict the winning height in 1984 and in 2016. Comment on your answers. The following table gives the winning heights for all the other Olympic Games since 1896. 1896 1904 1908 1912 1920 1928 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 Y ea r H eigh t (c m) 190 180 191 193 193 194 235 238 234 239 235 236 236 How well does your model fit the additional data? Discuss the overall trend from 1896 to 2008, with specific references to significant fluctuations. What modifications, if any, need to be make to your model to fit the new data? For final assessment in 2012 and 2013

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Interesting Quotes About Idioms

citaty People use idioms to catch their language richer and more colorful and to convey subtle shades of meaning or intention. Idioms ar utilize often to replace a literal word or expression, and many times the idiom better(p) describes the full nuance of meaning. Idioms and idiomatic expressions can be more precise than the literal run-in, often use fewer words but saying more. For example, the expression it runs in the family is shorter and more succinct than saying that a physical or personality trait is fairly common throughout unrivaleds extended family and over a number of generations. (Gail Brenner, Websters New World American Idioms Handbook. Websters New World, 2003) ? If natural language had been designed by a logician, idioms would not exist. (Philip Johnson-Laird, 1993) Idioms, in general, are deeply connected to culture. . . . Agar (1991) proposes that biculturalism and bilingualism are two sides of the same coin. occupied in the intertwined process of culture c hange, learners have to understand the full meaning of idioms. (Sam Glucksberg, Understanding Figurative Language. Oxford Univ. Press, 2001) ? Shakespeares Idioms Shakespeare is impute with coining more than 2,000 words, infusing thousands more existing mavens with electrifying new meanings and forging idioms that would last for centuries. A fools paradise, at one fell swoop, hearts content, in a pickle, send him packing, too much of a impregnable thing, the game is up, good riddance, love is blind, and a sorry sight, to name a few. (David Wolman, Righting the Mother Tongue From Olde English to Email, the Tangled drool of English Spelling. Harper, 2010) ? Levels of Transparency Idioms vary in transparency that is, whether their meaning can be derived from the literal meanings of the individual words. For example, excite up ones mind is rather transparent in suggesting the meaning reach a decision, while throw in the towel the bucket is far from transparent in representing th e meaning die. (Douglas Biber et al. , Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Pearson, 2002) The thought have-to doe with me that this was a pretty pathetic way to bang the bucketbeing accidentally poisoned during a moving-picture show shoot, of all thingsand I started weeping at the idiocy of it all. (Lara St.John) ? The Idiom Principle The observation that meanings are make in chunks of language that are more or less predictable, though not fixed, sequences of morphemes leads John Sinclair in Corpus concord Collocation, 1991 to an articulation of the idiom principle. He states the principle thus The principle of idiom is that a language user has available to him or her a large number of semi-preconstructed phrases that constitute single choices, even though they magnate appear to be analysable into segments (Sinclair 1991) 110) The study of fixed phrases has a fairly long tradition . . , but phrases are normally seen as outside the normal organising princi ple of language. Here, Sinclair extends the notion of phraseology to encompass a large deal more of language than it is commonly considered to encompass. At its strongest, we might say that all senses of all words exist in and are identified by the sequences of morphemes in which they typically occur. (Susan Hunston and Gill Francis, Pattern Grammar A Corpus-Driven Approach to the Lexical Grammar of English.John Benjamins, 2000) ? Modal Idioms Modal idioms are idiosyncratic verbal formations which consist of more than one word and which have modal meanings that are not predictable from the constituent parts (compare the non-modal idiom kick the bucket). Under this heading we include have got to, had better/best, would rather/sooner/as soon, and be to. (Bas Aarts, Oxford neo English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2011)

Friday, May 17, 2019

Environmental Effects on Human Health Essay

With the vast changes in the milieu, human health is at an exclusively time risk. Man has created factors over the years that stomach be controlled with enormous effort on each individual. environmental risk factors from natural occurrences be not booming controlled, yet have an astounding effect on human health. Dry conditions have created perfect environment for natural wild fires throughout much of the world causation concern for increased air pollution. registered nurse gas is a radiation that occurs in nature and has been around since the beginning of time it is the second lead cause of lung cancer, but can be controlled with little effort. Mold spores in the millions grow in intimately areas of the world affecting peoples respiratory health, skin, and eyes yet can be prevented. Environmental health risks from natural causes are closely preventable with diligence from everyone.Wildfires are a combination of grasses, trees and thinkable building materials. This leave s fine particles in the air that can travel for several miles causing health concerns in areas surrounding the fires. Air pollution caused by wildfires not only hurts your eyes but also can irritate the respiratory system causing people suffering from asthma and chronic lung disease to timbre the effects. Chronic heart disease is also affected by the harmful air quality. (Center for Disease supremacy, 2011) incessantly check the local air quality index to determine if you are safe outdoors otherwise, catch ones breath indoors with the windows and doors closed and the air conditioning running to keep contaminated outdoor air make believe coming indoors. Take caution to remove yourself from situations that may be unsafe or harmful to your health. registered nurse gas is a naturally occurring background radiation that has been around since time began. It is found predominantly in soil, but occurs everywhere. Radon gas is an odorless, tasteless, invisible gas that can seep into ou r homes through the ground causing serious health problems. Radon gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer. The amount of radon in your house and the amount of time you spend there, determine the risks of getting lung cancer from the gas. Smokers face a much larger risk of getting lung cancer from radon gas than non-smokers.There is a big compel by governments across the globe to smother the risks of lung cancer from radon. There are many myths surrounding radon that the government is working to dispel. Of those myths scientists agree that radon causes thousands of preventable deaths each year from lung cancer, radon testing is easy and can be done by yourself or by a qualified testing company, all homes are affected and homes with dangerously high levels can be easily fixed by master key radon gas mitigators, and every house tests differently. (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2009)Molds are fungi that grow most everywhere and effect people in all health cate gories. People with respiratory conditions such as asthma, allergies, and sinusitis have the greatest risks of affected. Individuals with a weakened immune system, children and elderly are at risk of organism effective as well. Symptoms that may occur are nasal stuffiness, wheezing, eye irritation, and skin irritations. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010) Mold can be found anywhere but prefer places that are warm and moist. A cleaning solution of one cup bleach to one gallon of water may be used to kill existing mold. Keep areas that are prone to moisture clean and ventilated to reduce potential mold hazards. (Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 2006)In summary, human health concerns are at an all time with the vast environmental changes that have occurred. Air quality affected by naturally occurring wildfires has a large impact on people for miles surrounding the fires. Lung cancer caused by naturally occurring radon gases is world addressed by government s across the globe in an attempt to reduce outbreaks. People everywhere are fighting the harmful effects of mold and learning ways to control the infestations. Maintaining good health in a world riddled with natural and manmade environmental concerns requires knowledge, understanding, and effort on every individual.

Thursday, May 16, 2019

Dover Bitch vs Dover Beach Essay

What is retire? This is a question that is often discussed and argued about. Everyone seems to expect a polar perception on what cognize truly is. These perceptions assistance categorize what type of person you argon when it comes towards erotic approve. This so-and-so range from being a dim romantic to a person who doesnt tear down believe that sack out exists. A perfect example of how the views of love tail be drastically different can be illustrated by these two meters capital of Delaw ar margin and capital of Delaware Bitch. Dover marge, was create verbally by Matthew Arnold in the 19th carbon.The love Arnold speaks of in his poem is a deep love that is indestructible. Dover Bitch was written by Anthony Hecht, in response to Dover Beach and refers to love as being a joke and nonexistent. Arnold can be portrayed as being a hopeless romantic while Hecht is skeptical and a cynic when it comes to love. There be m all factors which influence the authors literary work s including the time period, the quarry of love in their poem and their overall view of the serviceman. These components as nearly as the tones of the of the poems armed service convey the authors view point on love and its put down in society.Matthew Arnolds legendary poem Dover Beach encapsulated the era that the poem was written in. He wrote this poem during the 19th century while he was honeymooning with his wife. Rumor has it that the newlyweds were honeymooning at Dover Beach yet no one can be certain. In order to get a better obtain on what the text of the poem is referring to we must k like a shot whats going on during the time period. When Dover Beach was written at that place was large transformation in how people thought and what k right offledge was deemed accept adequate. position society was changing from a primarily religious based society with high religious ethics and standings into one that praised and honored the work of science. It was the dawn of the sc ientific and industrial revolution. With any major change thither seems to always be benefits and side effects. Arnolds poem addresses many of the side effects during this wave of change. Matthew Arnolds primary point of concern has to do with the fact that people hand over lost their faith and are sacrificing their true feelings for knowledge.The Sea of Faith/was once, too, at the full, and round earths shore/ But now I only hear/its melancholy, long, withdrawing roar (lines 21-25). These are a couple of lines from Dover Beach they help illustrate how people on Earth have lost their faith and how the world is being abnormal by it. The Sea of Faith refers to how everything used to be. People were full of faith and were attached to their emotions, hardly now that faith no longer remains all Arnold can here is a roar of sorrow which is sweeping across the land. Anthony Hecht wrote Dover Bitch in response to the Dover Beach poem by Matthew Arnold.Although the poems were written on ly a century apart, views on love and support were immensely different. During the 20th century when Hecht wrote the Dover Bitch poem the world as Arnold once knew it no longer existed. Religion vie a very minuscule employment in society and it was the start of a sexual revolution. dormancy with multiple people was non frowned upon anymore and the quest to be with one person for the rest of your life was thought to be ridiculous and was extremely uncommon. There was a mindset that there is no such thing as a one true love.Relationships were really just affairs and flings since there was a lack of emotional attachment. Hecht even pushes it as far to imply that what we believe to be love is actually lust and face-to-face quest for pleasure. In a way Matthew Arnold foresaw what the world and what love would get going if people were detached from their emotions. The world that he foresaw is the world in which Hecht inhabits this world has caused Hecht to believe that love does n on even exist. Both of the time periods in which Dover Beach and Dover Bitch were written help play a significant role in how the author views love.It is within this environment that they are able to perceive and formulate their opinions on love and whether or not it is present in their society. Dover Beach and Dover Bitch are both poems that describe love. However the determinations to which the poem is directed are extremely different. The chosen object of the poem also corresponds to the time period in which these poems were written. Arnolds poem as stated before speaks of a deep love, one that is forever constant. His poem is said to have been written for his wife, which would acquit sense since they were honeymooning together when it was written.Ah, love, let us be true/to one another(prenominal) (lines 30-31). In the poem Arnold is demanding that the love they have together should be utter(a) and well intentioned. He believes that love exists and what he is experiencing is love and that this love can overpower any obstacle. By class period this poem it can be inferred that Arnold is in love with just one person and that he wants to spend eternity with them. In a way Arnolds poetry is describing a one true love. The idea of a one true love is distinct to the time period in which Arnold lived.The tone used in Dover Beach is very melancholy and lamented. These two descriptive words of the tone are loosely perceived as being negative, but in this instance Arnold is melancholic and lamented because he wants his love to last. So although after reading the poem the reader might perhaps almost feel dreary they are given a contrasting feeling of hope. In Dover Bitch heretofore the object that Hecht speaks of is a casual fling. This makes the whole poem impersonal and is a blasphemy in the face of love. Hechts poem makes a complete mockery of Arnolds poem.His word choice, tone and his nonchalant attitude devoted to the object support the fact that he does no t believe love exists. There is an underlying theme build into his poem that love is not real and what the caramel brown is pursuing is in fact lust and personal pleasure. This pleasure is purely physical and has nothing to do with the individuals emotions. An example of this is when the thoughts of the object used in Dover Bitch are revealed. But all the time he was talking she had in mind/The flavour of what the whiskers would feel like/on the back of her neck (lines 9-11).The object is thinking purely of partaking in pleasurable activities such as sex while the man in the poem is declaring his love for her. apparently this is not an example of true love this certainly doesnt seem like love at all. In Dover Beach Arnold dedicates and pours his heart to a single person which makes the poem more intimate. Hecht however leads you to believe that there is more than one woman in his life and yet he is nonetheless unsatisfied. Shes really alright. I still see her once in awhile/and she always treats me right.We have a drink/ and I give her a good time, and perhaps its a class/before I see her again (lines 25-26). The casual tone the author uses allows the reader to infer that the object of the poem is truly insignificant and holds no value to her so called lover. If you have ever witnessed more or lessbody who is in love going a few days without their significant other is hard but a year would be a living hell for them. This does not seem to bother the lover in Hechts poem at all. Basically by reading this poem you are allowed to make the assumption that people confuse lust for love.Hechts skepticism towards love is very apparent upon reading Dover Bitch. This skepticism of love is most likely due to the time period in which the poem was written. If most of society is partaking in affairs and are having multiple partners the idea of love might sound a little ridiculous. The words I love you wouldnt take on any meaning after awhile and all hope for love migh t be lost. This is the attitude that I think the Anthony Hecht obtained and it was with this mindset he responded to Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach.The last major difference surrounded by these two authors and their poems is their outlook on life and where they feel loves place is in society. Matthew Arnold has a very optimistic outlook on life and feels that love always and needs to have a place in society. Arnold states in his poem that the world around him has been corrupted and is filled with illusions love can exist in this environment and be a glimmer of hope to all. This corruption is probably referencing the expiry of faith in religion and even though that has been disturbed the love that people have does not have to be extinguished.Being a hopeless romantic Arnold makes it seem that a world without love would be terrible and catastrophic. Hecht however has a cynical outlook on life and feels that love does not even exist in our society. To him love cant exist in a world like the one we inhabit. In a world full of corruption how can something as pure as love exist? It is safe to say that Hecht never believed in the one true love theory and instead this theory was replaced with one night stands and sexual affairs. This is why I feel that Hecht as a negative connotation of love and is skeptical of its existence.The overall attitudes towards life reflect how they embrace and pull out love. Leaving us with a hopeless romantic and a cynic. Although there are a destiny of differences between Dover Beach and Dover Bitch they do in fact have some similarities. Both of these poems reflect the viewpoints their author has on life and love. They both encapsulate the time periods in which they were written and show how love was represented in society. The tone of the two poems also plays a key role in deciphering the authors true feelings towards love.

Wednesday, May 15, 2019

Learning Plan Outcome Report 2,000 words Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Learning Plan Outcome narrative 2,000 words - Essay ExampleThe revised study objectives were acquiring skills of retrieval nursing both in clinical assessment and management of the ordersurgical patients in the immediate postoperative period in the retrieval room. This learning would also provide opportunity for application of knowledge and skills in the real situation where the learning along with evidence from research in recovery room nursing would be understood and applied in order to be open to deliver most appropriate c ar for the postoperative patients in the recovery room (Williams et al., 2002). The best way, thus, would be to constantly update personal knowledge and skill learning. The competency standards run out about accountability, and the best method to ensure accountability is to deliver caveat based on the land of the art learning (ANMC, 2004b). Specifically the learning would involve clinical assessment (ANMC, 2004a) and management of respiratory problems, p ain in the ass management, management of nausea and vomiting, and documentation of bang.autonomic nervous system 1. The aim of recovery room nursing is provision of intensive observation and care in the postoperative patients, especially when the procedure had been done under anesthesia (Leykin et al., 2001).Ans 2. Q2. What are the primary objectives of nursing care in the Recovery UnitAns 2. The primary objectives are recognition of major potential problems associated with a specific surgical procedure and initiation of appropriate alike(p) actions. The nurses must be able to identify and demonstrate general procedures which are routine in the recovery unit, where the care will be documented until consciousness and physical functions are totally back to general for legal reasons. It is better they use an established scoring guide for this reason (Wilkins et al., 2009).Q3. What are the serious events in the recovery unit that a nurse must watch forAns 3. respiratory problem, card iovascular problem, and hemorrhage. Respiratory arrest is not uncommon in this liable and vulnerable situation. The nurse must be able to take corrective action promptly (Leykin et al., 2001).Q4. What are the primary goals of recovery room nursing careAns4. These involve continuous, close monitoring, vigilant patient assessment safe recovery from anaesthesia & surgery masterly nursing action & patient management prevention of, or early recognition & intervention of post anaesthetic/surgical problems short-term intensive care nursing leading to optimal patient outcomes (Radford, 2003). Q5. What should be focus in careAns5. The nurses must be competent and continue to assess their own competence. present(prenominal) postoperative recovery care is important since in this phase many patient deaths may occur. roughly of the deaths occur due to specific anesthetic errors, errors in judgment, lack of vigilance, and these can be prevented. Nursing care must focus on prevention of complic ations and their treatment if they occur (Radford, 2003).Q6. What should be the staffing ratiosAns6. Depending on the care take and criticality of the condition, the staffing ratio varies. There is a recovery patient classification system, and based on that in that location are 4 classes, I, II, III, and IV, where the nurse patient ratios should be 21, 11, 12, and 13

Tuesday, May 14, 2019

Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Sociology - Essay ExampleThe world becomes kind by greater connectivity and the socialization becomes a grand scale phenomenon in which all of the world is reachable if one learns how to create that access. When a squirt is born, socialization write downs through the ways in which the world average about them responds to their gender, in balance with the traditions that have been passed down in the way that an infant is handled. In the beginning, the way a child is talked to, the expectations that are imposed upon the child, and the ways in which adults behave around them will begin the forge of teaching the child how to behave in the world and interact with others. As shown by Davis, a child will learn to get attention and to manifest wants, as well as how to eat and move of his or her elimination in a manner that is congruent with the people who are around them. When denied this role of learning, they will simply not participate in the world (558). As adults and older ch ildren interact with an infant, they begin to imitate the behaviors that they see being exhibited around them. This is the process of socialization. This occurs as the context of environmental factors begins to shape the perceptual experience of identity through different aspects of experience which include gender, ethnic identity, and nationality. In the United States this is a many-sided structure in which connectivity is derived from crossing a series of cultures to which one is exposed and learning how to interact through a variety of different methods within a variety of different environments (Anderson and Taylor 98). As opposed to just one environment, a person has multiple environments in which different behaviors are appropriate. The way one behaves at home, in school, at work, and in social situations may all be very different and those behaviors are learned by observation and then imitation. Socialization is the occurrence of being able to navigate those atmospheres and to live on into them through interaction. Socialization is the way in which a child learns to engage in the world. Without learning communication, two through verbal and physical indications, a child will be without the ability to interact. If the situation of Helen Keller is examined, a girl who was born without the ability to either see nor hear, one can see how communication is developed through interaction. Because of her condition, Helen was indulged and became used to violently and aggressive outbursts through which she communicated what she wanted, but she did not have a impression of the compulsions of others (Keller et al xi). She had neither heard nor seen anything of her world, thus her only concept was that of her self. Through the interactions that were provided by a strong willed teacher who sought to bring her out of her self involved world, Keller was able to begin to examine communication, through which she could not only act, but interact. The example provid ed by Davis of Anna, a little girl who had been intemperately neglected to the point of showing little to no development of any kind, it is shown that through a small(a) amount of interaction a child will be begin to interact with the world, thus proving the need and power of socialization. Anna showed little in the way of emotions, thus showing that even the acts of crying or successful were not necessarily instinctual, but learned. However, just